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Double layer distribution exists in Cu2SnZnSe4 (CZTSe) thin films prepared by selenizing the metallic precursors, which will degrade the back contact of Mo substrate to absorber layer and thus suppressing the performance of solar cell. In this work, the double‐layer distribution of CZTSe film is eliminated entirely and the formation of MoSe2 interfacial layer is inhibited successfully. CZTSe film is prepared by selenizing the precursor deposited by electrodeposition method under Se and SnSex mixed atmosphere. It is found that the insufficient reaction between ZnSe and Cu‐Sn‐Se phases in the bottom of the film is the reason why the double layer distribution of CZTSe film is formed. By increasing Sn content in the metallic precursor, thus making up the loss of Sn because of the decomposition of CZTSe and facilitate the diffusion of liquid Cu2Se, the double layer distribution is eliminated entirely. The crystallization of the formed thin film is dense and the grains go through the entire film without voids. And there is no obvious MoSe2 layer formed between CZTSe and Mo. As a consequence, the series resistance of the solar cell reduces significantly to 0.14 Ω cm2 and a CZTSe solar cell with efficiency of 7.2% is fabricated. The double layer distribution in Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) solar cells can be eliminated entirely by increasing Sn content of the metallic precursor, and thus modifying the back contact of CZTSe solar cells and thus reducing the series resistance to a low level. The efficiency of CZTSe solar cell is improved from 5.07% with double layer distribution to 7.2% without double layer distribution.

With the ongoing promotion and adoption of electric vehicles, intelligent and connected technologies have been continuously advancing. Electrical control systems implemented in electric vehicles have emerged as a critical research direction. Various drive-by-wire chassis systems, including drive-by-wire driving and braking systems and steer-by-wire systems, are extensively employed in vehicles. Concurrently, unavoidable issues such as conflicting control system objectives and execution system interference emerge, positioning integrated chassis control as an effective solution to these challenges. This paper proposes a model predictive control-based longitudinal dynamics integrated chassis control system for pure electric commercial vehicles equipped with electro–mechanical brake (EMB) systems, centralized drive, and distributed braking. This system integrates acceleration slip regulation (ASR), a braking force distribution system, an anti-lock braking system (ABS), and a direct yaw moment control system (DYC). This paper first analyzes and models the key components of the vehicle. Then, based on model predictive control (MPC), it develops a controller model for integrated stability with double-layer torque distribution. The required driving and braking torque for each wheel are calculated according to the actual and desired motion states of the vehicle and applied to the corresponding actuators. Finally, the effectiveness of this strategy is verified through simulation results from Matlab/Simulink. The simulation shows that the braking deceleration of the braking condition is increased by 32% on average, and the braking distance is reduced by 15%. The driving condition can enter the smooth driving faster, and the time is reduced by 1.5 s~5 s. The lateral stability parameters are also very much improved compared with the uncontrolled vehicles.

Approximate expressions for the surface charge density/surface potential relationship and double-layer potential distribution are derived for a spherical or cylindrical colloidal particle in an electrolyte solution. The obtained expressions are based on an approximate form of the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation taking into account the ion size effects through the Carnahan-Starling activity coefficients of electrolyte ions. We further derive approximate expression for the effective surface potentials of a spherical or cylindrical particle and for the electrostatic interaction energy between two spherical or cylindrical particles on the basis of the linear superposition approximation.

This paper gives an integral equation, the solution of which is a solution of a classical problem in potential theory: Given a region with boundary B\\mathcal {B}, what distribution of charge on B\\mathcal {B} will produce a potential having specified values on B\\mathcal {B}? The paper also indicates briefly how the integral equation is useful in simplifying certain proofs and extending certain theorems in potential theory.

The spatial derivatives of Schwartz-Sobolev distributions which display singularities of arbitrary order on an arbitrary regular opensurface are investigated. The contributions of the present investigation to literature are i) an approach alternative to the derivation of the distributional derivatives of multilayers by Estrada and Kanwal; ii) an extension of the available results for closed surfaces toopen surfaces featuring boundary distributions of arbitrary order. The end results are applied in the distributional investigation of Maxwell equations in presence of single and double layer sources located on a regular open surface.

HighlightsElectric double-layer regulation enabled by an ultrathin multifunctional solid electrolyte interphase layer with zincophilicity and rapid transport kinetics.Lowered potential drop over the Helmholtz layer and suppressed diffuse layer.Inhibited side reactions and uniform zinc deposition.The practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries for large-grid scale systems is still hindered by uncontrolled zinc dendrite and side reactions. Regulating the electrical double layer via the electrode/electrolyte interface layer is an effective strategy to improve the stability of Zn anodes. Herein, we report an ultrathin zincophilic ZnS layer as a model regulator. At a given cycling current, the cell with Zn@ZnS electrode displays a lower potential drop over the Helmholtz layer (stern layer) and a suppressed diffuse layer, indicating the regulated charge distribution and decreased electric double layer repulsion force. Boosted zinc adsorption sites are also expected as proved by the enhanced electric double-layer capacitance. Consequently, the symmetric cell with the ZnS protection layer can stably cycle for around 3,000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with a lower overpotential of 25 mV. When coupled with an I2/AC cathode, the cell demonstrates a high rate performance of 160 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and long cycling stability of over 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. The Zn||MnO2 also sustains both high capacity and long cycling stability of 130 mAh g−1 after 1,200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1.

Aqueous zinc batteries are appealing devices for cost-effective and environmentally sustainable energy storage. However, the zinc metal deposition at the anode strongly influences the battery cycle life and performance. To circumvent this issue, here we propose the use of lanthanum nitrate (La(NO 3 ) 3 ) as supporting salt for aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) electrolyte solutions. Via physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations, we demonstrate that this peculiar electrolyte formulation weakens the electric double layer repulsive force, thus, favouring dense metallic zinc deposits and regulating the charge distribution at the zinc metal|electrolyte interface. When tested in Zn||VS 2 full coin cell configuration (with cathode mass loading of 16 mg cm −2 ), the electrolyte solution containing the lanthanum ions enables almost 1000 cycles at 1 A g −1 (after 5 activation cycles at 0.05 A g −1 ) with a stable discharge capacity of about 90 mAh g −1 and an average cell discharge voltage of ∼0.54 V. Zinc metal is a promising anode material for aqueous secondary batteries. However, the unfavourable morphologies formed on the electrode surface during cycling limit its application. Here, the authors report the tailoring of the surface morphology using a lanthanum nitrate aqueous electrolyte additive.

Electrical double layer （EDL） capacitors based on recently emergent graphene materials have shown several folds performance improvement compared to conventional porous carbon materials, driving a wave of technology breakthrough in portable and renewable energy storage. Accordingly, much interest has been generated to pursue a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental yet elusive double layer structure at file electrode~electrolyte interface. In this paper, we carried out comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations to obtain a com- prehensive picture of how ion type, solvent properties, and charging conditions affect the EDL structure at the graphene electrode surface, and thereby its contribution to capacitance. We show that different symmetrical monovalent aqueous electrolytes M~X- （M~ = Na~, K~, Rb＋, and Cs＋; X- = F-, CI-, and I ） indeed have distinctive EDL structures. Larger ions, such as, Rb＊, Cs＊, C1, and I, undergo partial dehydration and penetrate through the first water layer next to the graphene electrode surfaces under charging. As such, the electrical potential distribution through the EDL strongly depends on the ion type. Interestingly, we further reveal that the water can play a critical role in determining the capacitance value. The change of dielectric constant of water in different electrolytes largely cancels out the variance in electric potential drop across the EDL of different ion type. Our simulation sheds new lights on how the interplay between solvent molecules and EDL structure cooperatively contributes to capacitance, which agrees with our experimental results well.

The seasonal warming of Antarctic Winter Water (WW) is a key process that occurs along the path of deep water transformation to intermediate waters. These intermediate waters then enter the upper branch of the circumpolar overturning circulation. Despite its importance, the driving mechanisms that mediate the warming of Antarctic WW remain unknown, and their quantitative evaluation is lacking. Using 38 days of glider measurements of microstructure shear, we characterize the rate of turbulent dissipation and its drivers over a summer season in the northern Weddell Sea. Observed dissipation rates in the surface layer are mainly forced by winds and explained by the stress scaling (r2 = 0.84). However, mixing to the base of the mixed layer during strong wind events is suppressed by vertical stratification from sea ice melt. Between the WW layer and the warm and saline circumpolar deep water, a subsurface layer of enhanced dissipation is maintained by double-diffusive convection (DDC). We develop a WW layer temperature budget and show that a warming trend (0.2°C over 28 days) is driven by a convergence of heat flux through mechanically driven mixing at the base of the mixed layer and DDC at the base of the WW layer. Notably, excluding the contribution from DDC results in an underestimation of WW warming by 23%, highlighting the importance of adequately representing DDC in ocean models. These results further suggest that an increase in storm intensity and frequency during summer could increase the rate of warming of WW with implications for rates of upper-ocean water mass transformation.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) have prolonged impacts on local ecosystems and economies, and accurate projection of MHWs under future global warming is crucial for the high-quality development of local society. The future change in the spatial pattern of MHWs, however, is not clear despite the well-known overall intensification of MHWs. Here we find that the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models can effectively capture the main distribution of observed SCS MHWs, showing a uniform distribution of frequency and a \"north high-south low\" distribution of mean intensity and cumulative intensity. However, it is worth noting that the simulated center of long MHW duration is shifted to the southern SCS compared to the central SCS in observations. Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 1–2.6 (SSP126) scenario, the increase in MHW cumulative intensity exhibits a double-center structure in the northern coastal region and southern SCS. This is primarily attributed to the large increase in frequency and mean intensity in the north, and an increase in duration in the south. Both the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios project similar patterns of MHW intensification, but with larger magnitudes. The climatological distribution of the mixed layer depth (MLD), which is deeper in the south and shallower in the north, contributes to the spatial distribution of SCS MHW changes. The strong seasonal-mean sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the northern SCS, caused by enhanced solar radiation, also contributes to the intensification of MHW frequency and mean intensity in the northern region.