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For the proper operation of intelligent lighting, the precise detection of a human silhouette on the scene is necessary. Correctly adjusting the light beam divergence requires locating the detected figure in virtual three-dimensional coordinates in real time. The market is currently dominated by the markers systems. This paper is focused on the advanced solution of the markerless system of identifying and tracking characters based on deep learning methods. Analyses of the selected pose detection, holistic detection (including BalzePose and MoveNet models), and body segmentation (BlazePose and tfbodypix) algorithms are presented. The BlazePose model was implemented for both pose tracking and body segmentation in the markerless dynamic lighting and mapping system. This article presents the results of the accuracy analysis of matching the displayed content to a moving silhouette. An assessment of the illumination precision was done as the function of the movement speed for the system with and without delay compensation.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Genovese) is a highly valued and economically important herb with significant culinary qualities. The quantity of light supplied to plants, including both light intensity and photoperiod, plays a critical role in regulating plant morphology and biomass accumulation. Optimizing these factors can simultaneously enhance yield and resource efficiency. This study assessed the effects of constant versus gradually increasing light intensity and photoperiod on basil growth, physiology, and light use efficiency (LUE), while maintaining an equivalent average daily light integral (DLI) over the 24-day growing period. Four different treatments were applied in a climate-controlled growth chamber: (CIP) constant light intensity (300 μmol m-² s-¹) and constant photoperiod (16 h), (CIDP) constant light intensity with a dynamic photoperiod (14-16–18 h), (DICP) dynamic light intensity (200-300-400 μmol m-² s-¹) with constant photoperiod, and (DIP) dynamic light intensity (200-300-400 μmol m-² s-¹) and photoperiod (14-16–18 h) over time. In comparison to CIP, treatment DIP resulted in a 9% increase in both dry weight and LUE, and a 19% increase in non-destructive chlorophyll content, whereas stomatal conductance was 25% higher in CIP. CIDP exhibited the lowest values for leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, LUE, destructive chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These results suggest that dynamic light strategies can improve LUE and dry matter accumulation under comparable average DLI conditions. Future research should investigate whether these responses are associated with any changes in postharvest quality, processing characteristics, and the temporal dynamics of secondary metabolites to further refine lighting strategies for indoor farming.

As a critical factor in the built environment, lighting presents considerable influence on occupants. Previous research across static lighting conditions has found that both illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) affect occupants’ physiological and psychological functioning. However, little research has been conducted on the non-visual impacts of dynamic lighting with daily variation in illuminance and CCT levels. The purpose of this study is to better understand the impact of dynamic lighting on office occupants’ health, well-being and experience at a living lab. Fifteen participants were recruited to work in three office modules for four months. Four lighting conditions were designed and implemented in this study, including two static lighting conditions and two dynamic lighting conditions with a specific predefined control scheme. A prototype lighting system with enhanced control capabilities was configured and implemented to ensure the desired lighting environment protocol. Both objective methods and subjective surveys were used to assess the behavioral and physiological outcomes of interest, including mental stress, sleep, productivity, satisfaction, mood, visual comfort and perceived naturalness. The results showed that the daytime behavioral impacts were either positive or mixed. Specifically, a significant alertness increase was observed in the afternoon, indicating a potential solution to reduce the natural feelings of sleepiness during the workday. There was also a marginal benefit for mood. The nighttime impacts include a significant decrease in perceived sleep quality and sleep time after subjects were exposed to dynamic lighting. No significant differences were observed for mental stress, productivity, visual comfort, or perceived naturalness. The findings present additional insights into the non-visual impacts of dynamic lighting and give recommendations for further investigations.

The growing population of older adults necessitate built environment strategies that support sleep and overall health. This pilot study investigates whether dynamic electric lighting (intensity and CCT programmed to resemble day–night cycles) improves sleep among residents of a Jordanian care facility. Utilizing a pre–post within-subject design at Darat Samir Shamma, eight participants (mean age = 71.5 years; range = 60–82) experienced standard light followed by a dynamic lighting system. Objective sleep parameters were recorded using the Withings Sleep Analyzer, and subjective measures were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Geriatric Depression Scale. Dynamic lighting was associated with marked gains in sleep consolidation: sleep quality increased by + 43.4% points ( p  < 0.001), total sleep time by + 3 h 08 min ( p  < 0.001), and sleep efficiency by + 16.4% points ( p  < 0.001). Bedtime advanced by − 2 h 39 min (earlier; p  = 0.001) and time in bed increased by + 2.26 h ( p  < 0.001). WASO decreased by − 1 h 12 min ( p  = 0.002), and awakenings by − 1.39/night ( p  = 0.033). Snoring duration declined by − 13.6 min ( p  < 0.001). PSQI total scores changes significantly, decreasing from 7.00 under standard lighting to 4.00 under dynamic lighting ( p  = 0.017), reflecting better perceived sleep quality. No significant changes were observed in physiological markers or depressive symptoms. These findings support the potential of dynamic lighting as a non-pharmacological approach for enhancing sleep in institutional care settings. This research contributes context-specific insights from Jordan, where static electric lighting are common and related studies remain limited. Given the small sample size and pilot nature, larger-scale studies are recommended to confirm these preliminary results.

Recent advances in 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) have enabled efficient image-based scene reconstruction, but existing methods that rely heavily on multi-view photometric consistency remain sensitive to dynamic illumination and weakly constrained regions. This issue is especially evident in tunnel scenes, where limited ambient light and localized active illumination cause strong appearance variation and shadowed regions that appear weakly textured in the captured images. As a result, existing methods often suffer from appearance inconsistency, floating artifacts, and unstable Gaussian distributions. To address these challenges, we present dynamic lighting-aware Gaussian splatting (DLG-GS), a real-time framework designed primarily for tunnel-oriented reconstruction under dynamic lighting. DLG-GS includes two complementary components: a dynamic lighting-adaptive appearance modeling strategy that reduces illumination-induced artifacts while preserving local texture details, and a voxel–depth joint constraint that uses monocular depth priors to regularize the spatial distribution of voxel anchors and neural Gaussians, thereby improving optimization stability and suppressing floating artifacts in shadow-induced weak-texture regions. By jointly optimizing appearance adaptation and depth-guided spatial regularization, DLG-GS improves reconstruction stability and rendering quality while maintaining real-time performance. Experiments on a self-collected tunnel dataset show clear improvements over selected baselines, and additional evaluations on public benchmarks indicate competitive performance beyond the target tunnel setting.

Vertical farming offers a sustainable solution for urban food production, but energy optimization remains a critical challenge, with nearly half of the electricity requirements dedicated to artificial lighting. Dynamic adjustment of blue and red light can reduce energy costs, as blue light is more energy-intensive, thereby lowering operating expenses and increasing profitability. This research investigates the effects of dynamic adjustment of blue and red light on lettuce ( , cv. Danstar) plants. Four light treatments were tested, each maintaining a total photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 200 μmol m s under a 16-hour photoperiod: (1) RB3 (control, 150 μmol m s red and 50 μmol m s blue); (2) 25% blue (B) reduction with hourly alternation between control and 175 μmol m s red/25 μmol m s blue; (3) 38% B reduction with hourly cycling through RB3, 162/38, 175/25, and 188/12 μmol m s of red/blue light; and (4) 50% B reduction with hourly alternation between control and 200 μmol m s monochromatic red. Agronomical, physiological, and morphological data were collected weekly from 7, 14, and 21 days after transplanting. While the 50% B dynamic treatment did not enhance overall crop performance compared to the RB3 control, 25% B and 38% B increased lettuce fresh yield by 50-60%, with dry weight remaining stable. These responses indicate improved leaf hydration (reduced dry matter content) resulting in increased fresh marketable yield, improved light-energy use efficiency by up to 63% and reduced lighting costs by 40%, demonstrating that constant blue light at a fixed PPFD is not required for optimal growth. This approach may offer a viable strategy to reduce production costs and enhance sustainability in controlled environment agriculture.

Sole-source light-emitting diode (LED) lighting is essential in growth chambers, indoor farms, and spaceflight settings. Although lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) is typically grown under fixed photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs), dimmable LEDs enable dynamic lighting strategies that may improve light use efficiency. However, plant responses to temporally varying PPFDs remain insufficiently characterized. An indoor experiment was conducted to determine how fixed PPFDs and temporal PPFD alternations influenced growth, morphology, and pigmentation of red-leaf lettuce ‘Rouxai’. From day 0 to 28, we grew lettuce hydroponically at 21–23 °C air temperature and 18%–27% relative humidity under six lighting treatments, including two fixed PPFDs of 150 and 350 µmol m –2 s –1 and four temporal PPFD alternations with increasing PPFDs (150→250→250, 150→350→350, 250→250→350, and 250→350→350 µmol m –2 s –1 ) over three phases [lag phase (days 0–11)→exponential phase (days 11–25)→finish phase (days 25–28)]. All treatments had the same light spectrum (50% warm white + 50% red) and 24-h photoperiod. Increasing the fixed PPFD from 150 to 350 µmol m –2 s –1 increased seedling shoot fresh and dry mass by 69% and 84%, respectively, leaf number from 4 to 5, leaf width by 22%, chlorophyll concentration index by 15%, and red coloration, while decreasing leaf length by 11%. Similarly, for mature plants, increasing the fixed PPFD from 150 to 350 µmol m –2 s –1 increased shoot fresh and dry mass by 66% and 70%, respectively, leaf number by 23%, leaf width by 11%, and chlorophyll concentration index by 37%, while decreasing light use efficiency by 27%–29%. Compared to the fixed 350 treatment, the 250→250→350 and 250→350→350 alternations resulted in similar biomass, morphology, and chlorophyll concentration. However, the 250→250→350 alternation had 23%–31% higher light use efficiency than the fixed 350 treatment. Increasing the total light integral from 363 to 847 mol m –2 increased shoot fresh and dry mass but decreased light use efficiency. In conclusion, a temporal light intensity alternation produces comparably high biomass in lettuce more efficiently than fixed high light.

Biodiversity is negatively affected by light pollution, caused by artificial light at night (ALAN). Light-emitting diodes facilitate new lighting technologies to mediate the negative effects of ALAN, such as dynamic ALAN where light intensity can be adjusted to traffic density. Organisms living in highly light-polluted areas may show adaptations to mitigate the negative effects of ALAN. In a split-brood rearing experiment, larvae of two moth species ( Ochropleura plecta and Agrotis exclamationis ) originating from low-medium and high-medium skyglow populations were grown under either continuous ALAN, dynamic ALAN or control-dark conditions. We tested for ALAN effects on larval mortality, feeding behaviour, development and body mass, and whether effects depended on skyglow levels in the population of origin. Contrary to previous studies, we found either no or positive effects of ALAN on larval development, with similar or stronger effects of dynamic ALAN compared to continuous ALAN. For A. exclamationis , we showed evidence for faster development, increased growth rate and higher body mass under ALAN. This could reduce larval exposure to parasites and increase fecundity. We found no evidence for evolutionary responses in low-medium or high-medium skyglow larvae. Our results show that ALAN does not affect larval development the same way in all species.

The importance of reducing discomfort glare during the dynamic development of high luminance LEDs is growing fast. Smart control systems also offer great opportunities to reduce electricity consumption for lighting purposes. Currently, dynamic “intelligent” lighting systems are a rapidly developing field. These systems, consisting of cameras and lighting units, such as moving heads or multimedia projectors, are powerful tools that provide a lot of opportunities. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the possibilities of using the projection light in dynamic lighting systems that enable the reduction of discomfort glare and the light pollution phenomenon. The proposed system allows darkening or reducing the luminance of some sensitive zones, such as the eyes or the head, in real-time. This paper explores the development of the markerless object tracking system. The precise identification of the position and geometry of objects and the human figure is used for dynamic lighting and mapping with any graphic content. Time measurements for downloading the depth maps, as well as for identifying the human body’s position and pose, have been performed. The analyses of the image transformation times have been carried out in relation to the resolution of the images displayed by the projector. The total computation time related to object detection and image display translates directly into the precision of fitting the projection image to a moving object and has been shown.

Electricity prices can fluctuate considerably during the day due to the dependency of solar and wind energy and varying demands. Fluctuating lighting regimes might thus be economically attractive. However, only limited knowledge is available on how plants grow under fluctuating light conditions. The aims of this study were (1) to determine effects of fluctuating light intensities on plant biomass, morphology and physiology and (2) to determine whether frequency or amplitude of the fluctuations is the main determining factor of such effects. Young tomato plants were grown under fluctuating light conditions in a range of amplitudes (200/0, 175/25, 125/75 and 100/100 µmol m s ) and frequencies (several hours, 30 minutes, minutes). Plants grown under extreme light fluctuations of 0/200 µmol m s had reduced shoot biomass, stem length, chlorophyll content and light absorption, compared to plants grown under constant light intensity. The higher the frequency of these light fluctuations, the more severe the effects. Plants responded most extremely when light fluctuated every minute between 0 and 200 µmol m s , having the lowest shoot dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf area and light absorption. When light fluctuations were applied every minute between 175/25 and 125/75 µmol m s , shoot biomass and morphology were not significantly affected. Net photosynthesis rate of plants grown under 30 min light fluctuations between 200 and 0 µmol m s were reduced compared to constant light and light fluctuations with a smaller amplitude. Linear electron transport rates were significantly reduced for all 200/0 and 175/25 treatments compared to constant light. These results indicate that the frequency of light fluctuations determines plant biomass, morphology and physiology only at extreme amplitudes of light fluctuations. However, when a minimum light level is maintained, the crop can integrate these light fluctuations, maintaining crop growth and development.