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Background This article shows an integrative review on the impact that abnormal color vision may have on the daily routine of individuals. Purpose We followed the PRISMA guidelines for reviews and carried out researches in four databases (Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus, and Web of Science) using keywords related to the impact of abnormal color vision. Method Initially, 805 articles were retrieved and after a first filtering stage, we selected 74 articles for a detailed analysis of the abstracts in which it was found that a total of 20 studies were in fact related to the topic of this review. We then read the selected studies in full and those included in the final selection were analyzed and categorized into specific topic groups of findings. Seven categories were created in total: “impact on daily routine activities”, “occupational impact”, “impact on product choice motivation”, “emotional impact”, “impact on school or professional qualification”, “impact on self-care and health”, and “advantages”. Results From the definition of these categories we could understand that people with some degree of color vision loss face challenges in different aspects of their daily life, especially in their work activities. Still, the amount of research and hence technical support which could be offered to this population is restricted. Additionally, the scarce availability of publications on the topic and the fact that they include very specific groups of people, such as drivers and medical students, allow us to draw only partial conclusions about the all possible impacts yield by such perceptual difference since they observe the impact of the color-vision deficiency in their daily routine from a specific and precise point of view. Conclusions A broader view of the impact of this problem on the daily life of its carriers is fundamental for implementing strategies that allow such people to be included in all sorts of activities or for the impact of this sensory change to be decreased or treated in a way that would reduce the detrimental impacts.

Background Acquired color anomalies caused by cerebral trauma are classified as either achromatopsias or dyschromatopsias (Zeki, Brain 113:1721–1777, 1990). The three main brain regions stimulated by color are V1, the lingual gyrus, which was designated as human V4 (hV4), and the fusiform gyrus, designated as V4α. (Zeki, Brain 113:1721–1777, 1990). An acquired cerebral color anomaly is often accompanied by visual field loss (hemi- and quadrantanopia), facial agnosia, prosopagnosia, visual agnosia, and anosognosia depending on the underlying pathology (Bartels and Zeki, Eur J Neurosci 12:172–193, 2000), (Meadows, Brain 97:615–632, 1974), (Pearman et al., Ann Neurol 5:253–261, 1979). The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of a patient who developed dyschromatopsia following a traumatic injury to her brain. Case presentation The patient was a 24-year-old woman who had a contusion to her right anterior temporal lobe. After the injury, she noticed color distortion and that blue objects appeared green in the left half of the visual field. Although conventional color vision tests did not detect any color vision abnormalities, short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) showed a decrease in sensitivity consistent with a left hemi-dyschromatopsia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected abnormalities in the right fusiform gyrus, a part of the anterior temporal lobe. At follow-up 14 months later, subjective symptoms had disappeared, but the SWAP abnormalities persisted and a thinning of the sectorial ganglion cell complex (GCC) was detected. Conclusion The results indicate that although the subjective symptoms resolved early, a reduced sensitivity of SWAP remained and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed GCC thinning. We conclude that local abnormalities in the anterior section of fusiform gyrus can cause mild cerebral dyschromatopsia without other symptoms. These findings indicate that it is important to listen to the symptoms of the patient and perform appropriate tests including the SWAP and OCT at the early stage to objectively prove the presence of acquired cerebral color anomaly.

Background/Objectives: Toxic optic neuropathy (TON) represents a spectrum of optic nerve damage caused by exposure to toxins, including drugs, alcohol, and industrial chemicals. It is characterized by progressive vision loss, dyschromatopsia, and optic nerve pallor and poses a clinical challenge in diagnosis and management due to overlapping features with other optic neuropathies. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), although distinct, shares common pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review aims to evaluate therapeutic strategies applied in TON and discuss the potential role of NAION-targeted treatments in TON management. Methods: We reviewed medical therapies previously used in NAION patients, including corticosteroids and neuroprotective substances, and analyzed their relevance in the context of TON. Particular focus was given to emerging interventions targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial health, including experimental drugs. Results: Evidence indicates that early diagnosis and toxin removal are essential in preventing irreversible vision impairment in TON. Therapies for methanol-induced and drug-related ocular neuropathies have demonstrated inconsistent efficacy, especially when integrated with antioxidant and neuroprotective approaches. However, the search for potential synergy between detoxification protocols and NAION-targeted treatments offers a promising direction for comprehensive management strategies. Conclusions: While current therapeutic options remain controversial and often unsatisfactory, integrating detoxification with interventions aimed at oxidative stress and mitochondrial function may improve outcomes. Further research is needed to develop targeted therapies for TON and bridge gaps in clinical decision-making.

Purpose: To evaluate color discrimination in schoolchildren with low birth weight (LBW) and those born full-term and at a weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Methods: LBW children aged 5–11 years and school-, grade-, sex-, and age-matched full-term (birth weight ≥ 2500 g) AGA controls from 14 randomly selected schools from a low-income region were tested. Examinations included visual acuity, ocular motility, and color vision testing using the Farnsworth D-15 test. Color score and interocular color score difference (ICD) were compared between the groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze associations between color vision deficit and group, adjusting for age, sex, visual acuity, strabismus, and amblyopia. Results: A total of 291 LBW children (age = 8.5 ± 1.3 yrs; 55.7% females) and 265 AGA children (age = 8.5 ± 1.4 yrs; 56.2% females) were examined. Dyschromatopsia was detected in 10.3% of LBW and 7.9% of AGA children, primarily involving tritan and non-specific defects. Color scores were comparable between the groups, and color deficit was significantly associated with younger age and worse visual acuity. The ICD was statistically larger (p = 0.004) in the LBW group, in which the frequencies of strabismus and amblyopia were also higher. Conclusions: Most LBW children demonstrated normal color discrimination, but their interocular color score difference was larger than that of AGA children.

Although color vision deficiencies are very prevalent, there are no ideal methods for assessing color vision in all environments. We compared a new digital and automated method that quantifies color perception for the three protan, deutan, and tritan axes with two of the most commonly used color tests in daily practice: the Ishihara 38 plates test and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. One hundred patients underwent a triple examination composed of the new DIVE Color Test, the Ishihara test, and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. The DIVE Color Test was performed twice in forty participants to assess its repeatability. In the trichromatic group, the mean age stood at 20.57 ± 9.22 years compared with 25.99 ± 15.86 years in the dyschromatic group. The DIVE and Ishihara tests exhibited excellent agreement in identifying participants with color deficiency (Cohen’s kappa = 1.00), while it was 0.81 when comparing DIVE and Farnsworth. The correlation between the global perception values of Farnsworth (TES) and DIVE (GCS) was 0.80. The repeatability of the DIVE Color Test was high according to Bland–Altman analysis with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83. According to Ishihara, the DIVE Color Test proved to be an effective and reproducible tool for red–green color vision deficiency detection, capable of determining the severity of the defect in each of the three axes faster and more accurately than both Ishihara and Farnsworth.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the frequency and timing of optic neuritis (ON) episodes in relation to the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) and examined the occurrence of Uhthoff’s phenomenon and Lhermitte’s sign to understand their roles in early diagnosis and disease progression. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with 127 MS patients. Clinical data, including ophthalmological examinations for ON, were collected and questionnaires assessed the presence of Uhthoff’s phenomenon and Lhermitte’s sign. Results: Results showed that 37% of patients experienced demyelinating retrobulbar ON, with 25.53% having ON as the initial symptom of MS. Residual visual acuity impairment (below 20/40) and dyschromatopsia were reported by 25.53% and 17.02% of patients, respectively. Uhthoff’s phenomenon and Lhermitte’s sign were present in 26.77% and 36.22% of patients, respectively. The findings underscore the importance of early ophthalmological assessments in diagnosing MS, as ON can be an initial indicator of the disease. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for precise diagnostic tools and personalized therapeutic strategies focused on specific biomarkers and pathways involved in neuroinflammation and demyelination. Early diagnosis through vigilant ophthalmologic evaluation can lead to interventions that significantly alter disease progression, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Abstract This is a case of ezetimibe-induced concentric field loss, dyschromatopsia, and nyctalopia in a patient with no prior history of retinal dystrophy or drug hypersensitivity. A 55-year-old Caucasian woman presents with a 1-year history of increasing concentric visual field loss, nyctalopia, photophobia, and colour vision impairment. These symptoms correlated with the commencement of ezetimibe therapy 10 mg daily for hypercholesterolaemia. She demonstrated repeatable bilateral visual field constriction on 30-2 Humphrey visual filed testing and colour vision impairment on Ishihara plates (OD: 1/17, OS: 1/17). Biochemical and radiological screening for carcinoma-associated retinopathy was unremarkable. A working diagnosis of drug-induced rod-cone dysfunction was made. Her visual symptoms and field changes completely resolved 3 months after cessation of ezetimibe therapy. This case suggests that ezetimibe is a potential cause of rod-cone dysfunction and should be considered as a differential in patients with new unexplained visual symptoms.

PurposeTo evaluate the effects of a chronic occupational exposure to toluene on color vision.MethodsColor vision was tested in 51 workers exposed to pure toluene and in 51 matched control subjects. Current exposure was determined by biological monitoring. Blood samples were taken at the end of a Friday shift. Color vision ability was assessed using the Ishihara plates (to screen for congenital dyschromatopsia), the Farnsworth panel D-15 test, the Lanthony panel D-15 desaturated test, the Velhagen plates, and the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates Part 2.ResultsMedian toluene concentration was 1.59 mg/l (quartiles 0.78 and 2.65). The whole group of workers did not perform worse than the controls. The same applies to 20 printers, who regularly assessed hues. Assessed with the most sensitive Lanthony panel D-15 desaturated test, color vision of 24 permanently exposed assistants was impaired (median color confusion index of the 1st eyes 1.08 vs. 1.02, p < 0.02; 2nd eyes 1.08 vs. 1.0, p < 0.05; sign test). The assistants made almost exclusively blue–yellow errors. The other color vision tests did not reveal any differences between the groups.ConclusionChanges in the retina are a possible explanation for the observed blue–yellow dyschromatopsia.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare venous thromboembolic disease that affects young adults in their thirties, with a female predilection. Head trauma accounts for only 1–3% of cases among possible etiologies. Here, we present a particular case of trauma-related CVST with delayed-onset symptoms and signs in a young boy. A 12-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with non-specific visual symptoms 11 days after head trauma. Apart from mild-grade disc swelling in the right eye and dyschromatopsia in both eyes, no significant findings were revealed during physical examinations and a non-contrast cranial computed tomography (CT) scan. Unfortunately, the patient suffered multiple seizure attacks the following day. Trauma-related CVST, complicated by delayed-onset increased intracranial pressure, and bilateral papilledema were finally diagnosed. Physicians need increased awareness of a possible CVST diagnosis if a patient with a history of head trauma shows persistent or worsening neurological symptoms despite negative results on serial non-contrast cranial CT scans.