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In the vehicle electrification sector, the precise and reliable control of e-motors is of the utmost importance for ensuring the efficient and safe operation of the whole electric vehicle drivetrain. Specifically, the assessment of the absolute rotor position of the permanent magnet-based synchronous motors is necessary for precise e-motor control, which is strongly determined by the precision of the sensing device used for the absolute rotor position assessment. Magnetic rotational position sensing devices/encoders are predominantly used in the automotive sector. The accuracy of a magnetic-based rotational position sensing device can be affected by defects/errors which may occur during its manufacturing and/or assembly process. These defects may in turn affect the accuracy of the e-motor’s control and operation. The primary objective of this study was to numerically and experimentally design and investigate the accuracy of a magnetic-based off-axis rotational position sensing device intended for the control of a new permanent magnet e-motor, which was developed for a two-wheeler electric vehicle drivetrain. First, a 3D parametric numerical model of a magnetic rotational position sensing device mounted on the motor shaft was built by virtue of the finite element method (FEM). Based on numerical simulations, the appropriate dimensions of the magnetic ring were determined and the possible errors which may have occurred during its manufacturing process have been numerically imposed and analyzed. Second, the rotor position sensing device was prototyped based on the recommendations obtained with the 3D FEM model. Finally, the accuracy of the designed rotational position device was then experimentally assessed by comparing it to a standardized end-of-shaft rotational position encoder. To evaluate the influence of the possible errors on the e-motor rotor position measurement, the output characteristics of the motor torque as a function of its rotational speed of a real permanent magnet e-motor were experimentally assessed using two different rotational position devices. Based on the numerical end experimental results, we identified the manufacturing errors of the magnetic ring and analyzed their influence on the resulting output characteristics of the e-motor. The results revealed that the magnetic ring eccentricity and its magnetization process could affect the accuracy of the e-motor’s output torque characteristics.

Purpose The expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market will bring changes in the type of environmental impact generated by the transport sector. This will be partially associated to the introduction of new technologies for energy storage and powertrains, including electric motors technology, which can play a critical role for the EV. To assure its optimal performance, key components and innovative materials are integrated in current motor designs. Such is the case of permanent magnets (PM), commonly made of rare-earth elements, which have a history of ecological concerns related to its mining. The goal of the paper is to study novel traction e-motors and to assess the influence of its components, in the environmental performance of the motor and the electric vehicle. Methods In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed, including the manufacturing, use, and end of life stages of a traction electric motor for EV applications. A comparison is presented, where the rare-earth magnets are replaced by ferrite magnets, under several efficiency scenarios. Average European conditions are considered for framing the modeling. A functional unit of 1 km driven by the vehicle is used. Results and discussion Twelve impact categories were selected to present the potential environmental impact of the motors. Energy consumption during the use stage was identified as a hotspot responsible for an important share of the impact. The amount of energy consumed is highly dependent on the efficiencies of the powertrain, which is why improving efficiency should be regarded as crucial for decreasing the environmental damage produced by the motor. The use of rare-earth magnets during manufacturing does not represent a significant share of the impact, as they only take 2 % of the total mass. Other components, including laminations, housing and windings were instead recognized as more significant than the mangets, mainly for climate change, toxicity of humans, soil and water bodies, as well as metal depletion. The use of alternative materials for rare-earth magnets can contribute in the reduction of the potential impact, as long as the overall efficiency of the motor remains the same or increases. Conclusions Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the environmental performance of traction motor is closely tight to its efficiency. Selection of materials during design should focus more on preserving or improving the efficiency of the motor, than on materials with low environmental impact during production.

Personal light electric vehicles (PLEVs) are a phenomenon that can currently be observed in cities, intended to be an ecological form of transport. The authors of the paper make an attempt to determine electricity consumption by PLEVs in the context of managing a large city in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The article is of a cognitive nature. Research questions posed against the background of the goal formulated are as follows: how strong will the demand for PLEVs be (in the example of e-motor scooters, taking into consideration the number of vehicles) and for the electricity consumed by PLEVs. The method used is a simulation model. The conducted analyses demonstrate that a dynamic growth of PLEVs will result in an increased energy demand, which must be taken into account by the cities, developing according to the sustainable development conception.

The ASTM D130 was first issued in 1922 as a tentative standard for the detection of corrosive sulfur in gasoline. A clean copper strip was immersed in a sample of gasoline for three hours at 50°C with any corrosion or discoloration taken to indicate the presence of corrosive sulfur. Since that time, the method has undergone many revisions and has been applied to many petroleum products. Today, the ASTM D130 standard is the leading method used to determine the corrosiveness of various fuels, lubricants, and other hydrocarbon-based solutions to copper. The end-of-test strips are ranked using the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard Adjunct, a colored reproduction of copper strips characteristic of various degrees of sulfur-induced tarnish and corrosion, first introduced in 1954. This pragmatic approach to assessing potential corrosion concerns with copper hardware has served various industries well for a century. Driveline lubricants have always been required to protect hardware, and transmission fluid specifications have always included a version of the copper corrosion strip test to assure this. In conventional transmissions, copper and its alloys are present in the form of mechanical parts such as bushings, bearings, and washers. Corrosion of these parts, while detrimental, does not typically result in immediate failure. However, the incorporation of electronics and electric motors has resulted in new failure modes which can have immediate and devastating consequences. Designing a lubricant to protect new electrified hardware requires an understanding of corrosion that occurs under actual operating temperatures, as well as potential damage from corrosion products. While the ASTM D130 provides general insight regarding the susceptibility of the hardware to corrode, the information is typically gleaned at elevated temperatures, and no information is gathered about the impact of corrosion products. The ASTM D130 is simply not sufficiently specific to adequately assess the risk of these new failure modes that may occur within electric drive units (EDUs). Newer methods, in particular, the wire corrosion test (WCT) and conductive deposit test (CDT), have been created to fill these gaps. In this article, we provide the history of the creation and evolution of the ASTM D130 standard, which is important in understanding both its significance and limitations. We then assess the corrosion characteristics of five lubricants using both the ASTM D130 strip method and the WCT method. We contrast these results, which demonstrate the greater understanding gleaned from the WCT. We then assess the five lubricants with the CDT, which provides insight into whether the corrosion products might endanger the system. We conclude that both the WCT and CDT are needed to provide a holistic understanding of corrosion in electrified hardware necessary to minimize the risk of corrosion-related failure modes. We anticipate that the WCT and CDT will establish themselves in original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications over the next decade and will provide a useful assurance of lubricant performance in corrosion, especially for hybrid (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs).

Motor Learning in Practice explores the fundamental processes of motor learning and skill acquisition in sport, and explains how a constraints-led approach can be used to design more effective learning environments for sports practice and performance. Drawing on ecological psychology, the book examines the interaction of personal, environmental and task-specific constraints in the development of motor skills, and then demonstrates how an understanding of those constraints can be applied in a wide range of specific sports and physical activities. The first section of the book contains two chapters that offer an overview of the key theoretical concepts that underpin the constraints-led approach. These chapters also examine the development of fundamental movement skills in children, and survey the most important instructional strategies that can be used to develop motor skills in sport. The second section of the book contains eighteen chapters that apply these principles to specific sports, including basketball, football, boxing, athletics field events and swimming. This is the first book to apply the theory of a constraints-led approach to training and learning techniques in sport. Including contributions from many of the world’s leading scholars in the field of motor learning and development, this book is essential reading for any advanced student, researcher or teacher with an interest in motor skills, sport psychology, sport pedagogy, coaching or physical education. Part 1 1. The Constraints-Based Approach to Motor Learning: Implications for a Non-linear Pedagogy in Sport and Physical Education 2. Instructions as Constraints in Motor Skill Acquisition 3. Building the Foundations: Skill Acquisition in Children Part 2 4. Perceptual Training for Basketball Shooting 5. Saving Penalties, Scoring Penalties 6. Stochastic Perturbations in Athletics Field Events Enhance Skill Acquisition 7. Interacting Constraints and Inter-Limb Co-ordination in Swimming 8. The Changing Face of Practice for Developing Perception: Action Skill in Cricket 9. The \"Nurdle to Leg\" and Other Ways of Winning Cricket Matches 10. Manipulating Tasks Constraints to Improve Tactical Knowledge and Collective Decision-Making in Rugby Union 11. The Ecological Dynamics of Decision-Making in Sailing 12. Using Constraints to Enhance Decision-Making in Team Sports 13. Skill Development in Canoeing and Kayaking: An Individualised Approach 14. A Constraints-Led Approach to Coaching Association Football: The Role of Perceptual Information and the Acquisition of Co-ordination 15. Identifying Constraints on Children with Movement Difficulties: Implications for Pedagogues and Clinicians 16. Augmenting Golf Practice Through the Manipulation of Physical and Informational Constraints 17. Skill Acquisition in Dynamic Ball Sports: Monitoring and Controlling Action-effects 18. A Constraints-Based Training Intervention in Boxing 19. Researching Co-ordination Skill 20. Skill Acquisition in Tennis: Equipping Learners for Success Ian Renshaw is Senior Lecturer in the School of Human Movement Studies at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. He has special interest in the enhancement of sports performance via the application of a non-linear pedagogy. Currently he works with the AIS/Cricket Australia Centre of Excellence as a skill acquisition consultant. Keith Davids is Professor of Motor Control and Head of the School of Human Movement Studies at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. Over the past 25 years, he has published six books and numerous chapters and journal articles while holding research and teaching positions in Europe, New Zealand and Australia. Geert J.P. Savelsbergh is Professor in the Faculty of Human Movement Sciences at VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands, and Visiting Professor at Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. He has special interest in the visual regulation of movements, especially in peak performance. Currently he works with the Olympic sailing and badminton team, as well as the Football Academy of Ajax Amsterdam.

Western philosophers have traditionally concentrated on theory as the means for expressing knowledge about a variety of phenomena. This absorbing book challenges this fundamental notion by showing how objects themselves, specifically scientific instruments, can express knowledge. As he considers numerous intriguing examples, Davis Baird gives us the tools to \"read\" the material products of science and technology and to understand their place in culture. Making a provocative and original challenge to our conception of knowledge itself, Thing Knowledge demands that we take a new look at theories of science and technology, knowledge, progress, and change. Baird considers a wide range of instruments, including Faraday's first electric motor, eighteenth-century mechanical models of the solar system, the cyclotron, various instruments developed by analytical chemists between 1930 and 1960, spectrometers, and more.

While energy efficiency projects could partly meet new energy demand more cheaply than new supplies, weak economic institutions in developing and transitional economies impede developing and financing energy efficiency retrofits. This book analyzes these difficulties, suggests a 3-part model for projectizing and financing energy efficiency retrofits, and presents thirteen case studies to illustrate the issues and principles involved.

'Climate Resilient Cities: A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Disasters' provides city administrators with exactly what they need to know about the complex and compelling challenges of climate change. The book helps local governments create training, capacity building, and capital investment programs for building sustainable, resilient communities. A step-by-step self-assessment challenges policymakers to think about the resources needed to combat natural disasters through an innovative \"hot spot\" risk and vulnerability identifi cation tool. This primer is unique from other resources in its treatment of climate change using a dual-track approach that integrates both mitigation (lowering contributions to greenhouse gases) and adaptation (preparing for impacts of climate change) with disaster risk management. The book is relevant both to cities that are just beginning to think about climate change as well as those that already have well established policies, institutions, and strategies in place. By providing a range of city-level examples of sound practices around the world, the book demonstrates that there are many practical actions that cities can take to build resilience to climate change and natural disasters.

This volume explores how technology-supported learning environments can incorporate physical activity and interactive experiences in formal education. It presents cutting-edge research and design work on a new generation of \"body-centric\" technologies such as wearable body sensors, GPS tracking devices, interactive display surfaces, video game controller devices, and humanlike avatars. Contributors discuss how and why each of these technologies can be used in service of learning within K-12 classrooms and at home, in museums and online. Citing examples of empirical evidence and specific implementation, this timely and critical volume examines how body responsive technologies are being used within the educational community to advance the next generation of educational technology.