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So far in the reviewed literature, less than 50 cases of ectopic intravesical prostate tissue has been published. Possible complications are obstruction of urine and malignant alterations. We present a 48-year-old asymptomatic male patient, who was diagnosed with a bladder lesion around 3 cm in diameter, incidentally by ultrasound scan. It was presumed to be a bladder tumor. Following cystoscopy and computed tomography scan, the entire tumor positioned in the proximity of the left ureteral orifice was removed by transurethral resection. The pathohistological report showed that it was ectopic prostate tissue. Ectopic prostate tissue is very rare in the urinary bladder and mimics bladder tumor. The diagnosis is established after transurethral resection of tissue and histological examination.

Ganglioneuromas (GN) are benign neuroblastic tumors that arise from neural crest cells. Since they present with nonspecific symptoms, diagnosis is often incidental. We are reporting a case of an adult appendiceal GN incidentally found during rectal cancer surgery. A 42-year-old male was diagnosed with recurrent rectal cancer after experiencing urinary difficulties and buttock pain. A multiple-stage pelvic exenteration was carried out after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation. Prophylactic appendectomy was done during the course of surgery, and pathology reported an appendix with GN at the distal tip. GN are often found incidentally and rarely cause appendicitis. Depending on their location and size, they might become symptomatic. While there is some controversy on whether surgery is the treatment of choice for all GN, diagnosis is rarely apparent preoperatively, and all appendiceal masses should be resected.

Abstract Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) is a common congenital anomaly, usually symptomatic in early childhood. The presence of multiple heterotopic tissues within a single diverticulum is rare and poses significant diagnostic challenges. In this report, a 12-year-old male presented with a month-long history of painless lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (melena and hematochezia). While endoscopy was normal, 99mTc scintigraphy revealed MD in the right pelvic region. Laparoscopic diverticulectomy was performed, and histopathology confirmed MD containing dual ectopic gastric and pancreatic tissues. Symptoms resolved completely postoperatively. MD occurs in 2% of the population; while typically associated with gastric mucosa, the coexistence of pancreatic tissue is uncommon and can lead to atypical presentations in older children. This case underscores the value of the Meckel’s scan and clinical suspicion beyond early childhood. MD should be considered in adolescents with unexplained GI bleeding, as rare histopathological findings and prompt surgery are key to successful outcomes.

Background There are a limited number of clinical reports addressing intussusception resulting from uncomplicated Meckel’s diverticulum (MD). This paper examines the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies for intussusception secondary to MD, synthesizes clinical experiences, and offers reference value for clinicians in selecting appropriate surgical approaches.  Methods A retrospective study was conducted involving thirty patients diagnosed with intussusception secondary to MD, who underwent surgical intervention in the Department of Pediatric Surgery at Linyi People’s Hospital between June 2016 and June 2025. The patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of ectopic tissue within the diverticulum: the ectopic tissue group (Group A, 10 patients) and the non-ectopic tissue group (Group B, 20 patients). A comparative analysis of the clinical data between the two groups was performed. The results indicated that Group A included six patients with ectopic gastric mucosal gland tissue and four patients with ectopic pancreatic tissue. It was observed that, in female patients with MD, the ectopic tissue predominantly originated from gastric glands, whereas in male patients, it predominantly originated from pancreatic tissue ( P  = 0.035). Furthermore, compared to Group B, patients in Group A exhibited a greater distance from the ileocecal valve ( P  = 0.006) and increased diverticulum length ( P  = 0.017). However, no significant differences were found between the groups concerning age, gender, clinical symptoms, or diverticulum width ( P  > 0.05).  Conclusions The clinical presentation of intussusception secondary to MD is atypical, necessitating surgical exploration and postoperative histopathological examination for a definitive diagnosis. The findings of this study indicate that ectopic tissue is not the primary etiological factor in intussusception secondary to MD. However, diverticula containing ectopic tissue tend to be marginally longer and are located at a greater distance from the ileocecal valve compared to those lacking ectopic tissue.

One of the typical complaints in the pediatric population is umbilical discharge. Among the congenital causes, remnants of omphalomesenteric duct or patent urachus are often detected. On a few occasions, multiple types of ectopic tissue are present. We describe histopathologic findings of two cases reported recently at our center as pediatric umbilical lesions with associated ectopic tissue. Histopathology of the excised mass confirmed the patent omphalomesenteric duct with ectopic gastric, duodenal, and colonic mucosa and pancreatic tissue in two patients with the clinical presentation of umbilical discharge. There were no associated congenital anomalies in these patients. The presence of multiple ectopic gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas in the umbilical mass is unusual. Herein, we report these cases because of its rarity, multiple ectopic tissues, and reviewing the literature of the reported cases of multiple ectopic tissues.

Gallbladder malignant tumors and ectopic liver tissue are a rare entity. We report a case of hepatocarcinoma in ectopic liver tissue in the gallbladder. It is important to consider other diagnoses than cholecystitis or gallbladder adenocarcinoma when radiology findings are non-typical.

Background Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disorder affecting 5–10% of women of reproductive age who often experience chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Definitive diagnosis is through laparoscopy, exposing patients to potentially serious complications, and is often delayed. Non-invasive biomarkers are urgently required to accelerate diagnosis and for triaging potential patients for surgery. Methods This retrospective case control biomarker discovery and validation study used quantitative 2D-difference gel electrophoresis and tandem mass tagging–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for protein expression profiling of eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue samples collected from 28 cases of endometriosis and 18 control patients undergoing surgery for investigation of chronic pelvic pain without endometriosis or prophylactic surgery. Samples were further sub-grouped by menstrual cycle phase. Selected differentially expressed candidate markers (LUM, CPM, TNC, TPM2 and PAEP) were verified by ELISA in a set of 87 serum samples collected from the same and additional women. Previously reported biomarkers (CA125, sICAM1, FST, VEGF, MCP1, MIF and IL1R2) were also validated and diagnostic performance of markers and combinations established. Results Cycle phase and endometriosis-associated proteomic changes were identified in eutopic tissue from over 1400 identified gene products, yielding potential biomarker candidates. Bioinformatics analysis revealed enrichment of adhesion/extracellular matrix proteins and progesterone signalling. The best single marker for discriminating endometriosis from controls remained CA125 (AUC = 0.63), with the best cross-validated multimarker models improving the AUC to 0.71–0.81, depending upon menstrual cycle phase and control group. Conclusions We have identified menstrual cycle- and endometriosis-associated protein changes linked to various cellular processes that are potential biomarkers and that provide insight into the biology of endometriosis. Our data indicate that the markers tested, whilst not useful alone, have improved diagnostic accuracy when used in combination and demonstrate menstrual cycle specificity. Tissue heterogeneity and blood contamination is likely to have hindered biomarker discovery, whilst a small sample size precludes accurate determination of performance by cycle phase. Independent validation of these biomarker panels in a larger cohort is however warranted, and if successful, they may have clinical utility in triaging patients for surgery.

Case summary Ectopic thyroid tissue is rarely reported in dogs and cats in its prediaphragmatic location and has never been described in the liver. A 15-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was diagnosed by ultrasound with a heterogeneous hypoechoic nodular area in the liver at the periphery of the quadrate lobe. A generic diagnosis of carcinoma was made after ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and cytological examination. The patient underwent staging by CT scan and subsequently underwent hepatic lobectomy. Histologically, a diagnosis of thyroid adenocarcinoma was made, confirmed immunohistochemically using positive thyroglobulin staining; the tumour was suspected to be of metastatic origin. CT scans excluded primary thyroid involvement; in addition, lesions at other sites were not detected. Therefore, a final diagnosis of thyroid adenocarcinoma arising from ectopic thyroid tissue in the liver was made. The cat recovered uneventfully from surgery. Relevance and novel information This report describes an unusual case of an adenocarcinoma originating from presumed thyroid ectopic tissue within the liver of a cat. Ectopic thyroid tissue has been rarely reported in both dogs and cats and, to the authors’ knowledge, it has never been described in the liver of a cat.

Background Endometriosis is one of the chronic and prevalent diseases among women. There is limited knowledge about its pathophysiology at the cellular and molecular levels, causing a lack of a definite cure for this disease. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ectopic and paired eutopic endometrium in women with endometriosis were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis for better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of endometriosis. Methods Gene expression data of ectopic and paired eutopic endometrium were taken from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. DEGs were screened by the Limma package in R with considering specific criteria. Then, the protein–protein interaction network was reconstructed between DEGs. The fast unfolding clustering algorithm was used to find sub-networks (modules). Finally, the three most relevant modules were selected and the functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed for the selected modules. Results A total of 380 DEGs (245 up-regulated and 135 down-regulated) were identified in the ectopic endometrium and compared with paired eutopic endometrium. The DEGs were predominantly enriched in an ensemble of genes encoding the extracellular matrix and associated proteins, metabolic pathways, cell adhesions and the innate immune system. Importantly, DPT, ASPN, CHRDL1, CSTA, HGD, MPZ, PED1A, and CLEC10A were identified as novel DEGs between the human ectopic tissue of endometrium and its paired eutopic endometrium. Conclusion The results of this study can open up a new window to better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of endometriosis and can be considered for designing new treatment modalities.

Ectopic adiposity has gained considerable attention because of its tight association with metabolic and cardiovascular health in persons with spinal cord injury（SCI）. Ectopic adiposity is characterized by the storage of adipose tissue in non-subcutaneous sites. Magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） has proven to be an effective tool in quantifying ectopic adiposity and provides the opportunity to measure different adipose depots including intermuscular adipose tissue（IMAT） and intramuscular adipose tissue（Intra MAT） or intramuscular fat（IMF）. It is highly important to distinguish and clearly define these compartments, because controversy still exists on how to accurately quantify these adipose depots. Investigators have relied on separating muscle from fat pixels based on their characteristic signal intensities. A common technique is plotting a threshold histogram that clearly separates between muscle and fat peaks. The cut-offs to separate between muscle and fat peaks are still not clearly defined and different cut-offs have been identified. This review will outline and compare the Midpoint and Otsu techniques, two methods used to determine the threshold between muscle and fat pixels on T1 weighted MRI. The process of water/fat segmentation using the Dixon method will also be outlined. We are hopeful that this review will trigger more research towards accurately quantifying ectopic adiposity due to its high relevance to cardiometabolic health after SCI.