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Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a huge global health threat. Interleukin27 (IL-27) gene is a cytokine that produces antiviral proteins in an IFN-independent manner and stimulates both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits SARS-CoV2 infection by blocking SARSCoV-2 spike proteins which facilitate viral entrance and cell-to-cell fusion. The association between genetic variants and COVID-19 in Egyptians is still unclear. Hence, we sought to investigate the impact of the single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-27P28 rs153109 and IFITM3 rs12252 on the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 in Egyptian patients. Methods Our study included 242 SARS-CoV-2 patients were recruited from Main University Hospital, Alexandria University, Egypt, and 187 healthy controls. We subdivided the patient group into two subgroups: group A comprised mild/moderate cases (N = 42) (17.4%), and group B included severe/critical cases (N = 200) (82.6%). Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini kit, then the PCR products of IL27 and IFITM3 were cut by FastDigest XhoI and MScI, respectively, for detection of SNPs of IL-27P28 rs153109 (-964A/G) and IFITM3 rs12252 (T>C). Results The present study found a significant association between IL27 rs153109 (-964A/G) and SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility after adjusting for the risk factor (advanced age), IL27 rs153109 (-964A/G) AG genotype (OR = 2.791, 95% CI: 1.237–6.295, P  = 0.013), AA genotype (OR = 2.385, 95% CI: 1.075–5.291, P  = 0.033), and (AG+AA vs. GG) genotypes (OR = 2.558, 95% CI: 1.186–5.517, P  = 0.017). On the other hand, the IFITM3 rs12252(T>C) CT genotype (OR = 1.419, 95% CI: 0.843–2.391, P  = 0.188), CC genotype (OR = 2.132, 95% CI: 0.436–10.415, P  = 0.350), and (C/T+C/C vs. TT) genotypes (OR = 1.466, 95% CI: 0.884–2.432, P  = 0.138) did not show a statistically significant association with either susceptibility or the severity of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion IL27P28 rs153109 AG and AA genotypes of IL27 may be associated with the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection but not the severity. Concerning the IFITM3 rs12252 SNP, we could not confirm its influence on either susceptibility or the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in this Egyptian population.

When, in the third century B.C.E., the Ptolemies became rulers in Egypt, they found themselves not only kings of a Greek population but also pharaohs for the Egyptian people. Offering a new and expanded understanding of Alexandrian poetry, Susan Stephens argues that poets such as Callimachus, Theocritus, and Apollonius proved instrumental in bridging the distance between the two distinct and at times diametrically opposed cultures under Ptolemaic rule. Her work successfully positions Alexandrian poetry as part of the dynamic in which Greek and Egyptian worlds were bound to interact socially, politically, and imaginatively. The Alexandrian poets were image-makers for the Ptolemaic court,Seeing Doublesuggests; their poems were political in the broadest sense, serving neither to support nor to subvert the status quo, but to open up a space in which social and political values could be imaginatively re-created, examined, and critiqued.Seeing Doubledepicts Alexandrian poetry in its proper context-within the writing of foundation stories and within the imaginative redefinition of Egypt as \"Two Lands\"-no longer the lands of Upper and Lower Egypt, but of a shared Greek and Egyptian culture.

The article analyzes the images of America put forward by Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), the prominent Egyptian ideologue of Islamism, during and immediately following his study mission to the US between 1948 and 1950. It argues that Qutb's understanding of America was conditioned by his tendency, already explicit in his 1938 critique of Taha Husayn's Mustaqbal al-Thaqafa fi Misr, to posit a cultural divide between a 'spiritual East' and a 'materialist West'. In addition to Qutb's articles and letters on the subject, many of which were published in al-Risala, the article draws upon hitherto untapped materials uncovered by the author at the University of Northern Colorado, where Qutb studied in 1949.

Amireh argues that the work of Egyptian feminist activist and novelist Nawal El Saadawi has always been presented, especially in the West, in an overtly political manner. Her emergence in the West into visibility has been overdetermined by the political-economic circumstances of first-world-third-world relations of production and consumption.

In the light of postmodern debates in anthropology, ethnography offers anthropologists new ways of representing their objects of study. The politics involved in the production and consumption by feminist scholars and activists of women's representations in the Arab world, and Egypt specifically, provides the starting point of this article. Using an ethnographic text examining manifestations of 'Islamic Feminism' in Egypt, I explore problems in addressing the subject of veiling - a continuous favourite among researchers. Grappling with stereotypes, assumptions and pre-interpretations based on what we read before going to the field and the questions we formulate in our minds, I look towards strategies of engagement with research subjects where anthropologists can express their commitments to them. Research ethics and reflexivity offer no formulaic guarantees of better representations, but pave the way towards understanding one's motivations and urges ethnographers to examine the impact of their work, both on the immediate community, and with regard to larger power politics. Given the fluid nature of identities and the relative fixedness of representations, solutions do not appear in abundance. Working outside of unnecessary dichotomies and searching for incongruities presents interesting possibilities for future ethnographic research.

Apart from studies of the economic impact of large-scale male migration from Egypt to the Arab oil-producing countries, little scholary attention has been paid to this social phenomenon and the creation of a significant number of de facto female headed households. This article focuses on the influence of male migration on domestic budgeting and the position of wives within low-income Cairence households. The data, drawn from a sample of 42 households which includes income-earning women and non-wage earning women, indicate that less educated women and those who were primarily homemakers frequently managed to renegotiate a more favourable financial arrangement with their husbands during and after migration, and raise their status and decision-making power within the household. On the other hand, contrary to commonsense assumptions, educated and income-earning women were more likely to lose access to their husbands' income and to major decision-making opportunities, resulting in lowered status within the household. To protect their interests, many women in these groups appealed to the traditional and Islamic division of domestic responsibilities which hold men financially responsible for the family's upkeep. A part l'impact économique des grandes migrations des travailleurs égyptiens aux pays pétroliers arabes, peu d'attention a été porté aux effets sociaux et à la création d'un nombre considérable de ménages à chef féminin. Cet articles vise l'influence de la migration des hommes égyptiens sur les arrangements financiers des ménages ainsi que sur la position des femmes dans les foyers à bas revenu au Caire. Les données sont tirées d'un échantillon de 42 ménages, comprenant des femmes salariées ainsi que non-salariées. Les données indiquent que les femmes moins eduquées et non-salariées ont souvent réussi à renégocier avec leurs maris des arrangements financiers plus favorables durant et après la periode de migration, ce qui reflet l'augmentation de leur position et l'acroissement de leur pouvoir de décision au sein du foyer. Allant à l'encontre des attentes, les femmes eduquées et salariées risquaient de perdre accès aux revenus de leurs maris et aux grandes décisions, ce qui menait à la diminution de leur statut dans le foyer. Afin de protéger leurs intérêts, grand nombre de ces femmes ont fait appel à la division de responsabilités traditionelle et islamique qui fait porter la support financier de la famille aux hommes. Aunque mucha atención ha sida prestada al impacto económico de la migración mascu-lina desde Egipto a los paises arábicos, el impacto de la migración en la mujer y en la familia ha sido tratado de una manera superficial. Este articulo se concentra en la influencia que la migración ha tenido en la posición de la esposa dentro de la familia y su acceso a los arreglos financieros. Los datos del Cairo indican que las mujeres menos educadas y las que son principalmente amas de casa, llegan a negociar con frecuencia arreglos financieros favorables para ellas mismas y que en muchos casos hasta llegan a elevar su posición y función en el manejo del hogar. Por otro lado, a contrario de lo que su piensa, las mujeres mejor educadas y con empleos fijos tienen mayor posibilidad de perder el acceso a las ganacias del esposo, al igual que a la participación en las decisiones que se toman en el hogar ya que dan como resultado, una disminución de su posición social en la unidad familiar. Para proteger sus intereses, algunas de estas mujeres recurren a la tradición islámica, la cual responsabiliza al hombre en los aspectos económicos.

Presents a social process model which starts with a homo economicus phase, advances into a goal reorientation phase, and ends with the establishment of diaspora communities in destination societies. Suggests this will promote economic and perhaps social integration. (Abstract amended)

This chapter contains sections titled: Egypt in Greek Myth Greek Myth and Egyptian Myth Egyptian Tales in Greece Interpretations Further Reading