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Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines
Power quality of power systems affects all connected electrical and electronic equipment. Power quality is a measure of deviations in voltage and frequency of the particular supply system. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in nonlinear loads; in particular distributed loads, such as computers, TV monitors and lighting. These draw harmonic currents which, when distorted, have detrimental effects including interference, loss of reliability, increased operating costs, equipment overheating, motor failures, capacitor failure and inaccurate power metering. This subject is pertinent to engineers involved with electric power systems, electronic equipment, computers and manufacturing equipment. This book shows readers to understand the causes and effects of power quality problems such as non-sinusoidal wave shapes, voltage outages, losses due to poor power quality, and origins of single-time events such as voltage dips, voltage reductions and outages, along with techniques to mitigate these problems.
eBook
Direct methods for stability analysis of electric power systems
\"Widely accepted around the world, the BCU method is the only direct method used in the power industry. Direct Methods for Stability Analysis of Electric Power Systems presents a comprehensive theoretical foundation of the method and its numerical implementation. This book provides graduate students, researchers, and practitioners with theoretical foundations of direct methods, energy functions, and the BCU method as well as the group-based BCU method and its applications. Numerical studies on industrial models and data are also included\"--
\"This book describes the BCU method (Boundary of Stability Region Based Controlling Unstable Equilibrium Point method)\"--
eBook
Electrical and mechanical properties of conductive elastic bands as wearable sensors
Crochet-based elastic textiles represent a promising option for wearable sensors due to their good stretchability and flexible structure. However, achieving cyclic electrical stability under realistic physiological motion and mechanical wear remains a critical challenge. This study systematically investigates the mechanical, aesthetic, and electrical performance of crochet elastic bands integrated with silver-coated polyamide (Ag/nylon) conductive yarns for wearable sensing applications. Dynamic resistance measurements were conducted using a custom-designed breathing simulator that replicates human respiratory motion, enabling real-time evaluation under cyclic deformation conditions. Conductive yarns were incorporated at different structural positions within the elastic bands to examine the influence of yarn configuration on sensor durability and signal stability. To simulate the cyclic use, samples were subjected to controlled abrasion cycles of 0, 5000, and 10,000 cycles. The results demonstrate that increasing abrasion levels lead to a gradual reduction in tensile strength and elongation due to progressive changes in surface morphology and stitch regularity, resulting in modified electrical pathways with the formation of pilling. Electrical performance strongly depended on conductive yarn placement. While several configurations exhibited significant signal degradation or delayed failure under abrasion, a specific configuration featuring balanced warp-weft integration of conductive yarns showed exceptional electrical stability, maintaining nearly constant resistance response across all abrasion levels. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant effects of both yarn configuration and abrasion cycles (
p
< 0.05). These findings highlight the critical role of conductive yarn positioning in enhancing the durability and sensing reliability of crochet-based wearable sensors. The proposed design strategy provides valuable guidance for the development of robust wearable sensors capable of maintaining stable electrical performance under simulated physiological motion and cyclic mechanical abrasion.
Journal Article
Dynamic Analysis of the Interconnection of a Set of FPSO Units to an Onshore System via HVDC
In an effort to restrict further increases in climate change, governments and companies are exploring ways to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this context, the oil industry, which contributes to indirect GHG emissions, is seeking ways to develop solutions to this issue. One such approach focuses on the connection of offshore oil production platforms to the onshore power grid via high-voltage direct current (HVDC), enabling a total or partial reduction in the number of local generators, which are generally powered by gas turbines. Therefore, this work aims to determine the technical feasibility, based on transient and dynamic stability analyses, of electrifying a system composed of six floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units connected to a hub, which is powered by the onshore grid through submarine cables using HVDC technology. The analysis includes significant contingencies that could lead the system to undesirable operating conditions, allowing for the identification of appropriate remedial control actions. The analysis, based on real data and parameters, was carried out using PSCAD software. The results show that the modeled system is technically viable and could be adopted by oil companies. In addition to aligning with global warming mitigation goals, the proposal includes a complex system modeling approach, with the aim of enabling further study.
Journal Article
Trimethylsilane Plasma-Nanocoated Silver Nanowires for Improved Stability
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of trimethylsilane (TMS) plasma nanocoatings in protecting silver nanowires (AgNWs) from degradation and thus to improve their stability. TMS plasma nanocoatings at various thicknesses were deposited onto AgNWs that were prepared on three different substrates, including glass, porous styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS), and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). The experimental results showed that the application of TMS plasma nanocoatings to AgNWs induced little increase, up to ~25%, in their electrical resistance but effectively protected them from degradation. Over a two-month storage period in summer (20–22 °C, 55–70% RH), the resistance of the coated AgNWs on SEBS increased by only ~90%, compared to a substantial increase of ~700% for the uncoated AgNWs. On glass, the resistance of the coated AgNWs increased by ~30%, versus ~190% for the uncoated ones. When stored in a 37 °C phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution for 2 months, the resistance of the coated AgNWs on glass increased by ~130%, while the uncoated AgNWs saw a ~970% rise. Increasing the TMS plasma nanocoating thickness further improved the conductivity stability of the AgNWs. The nanocoatings also transformed the AgNWs’ surfaces from hydrophilic to hydrophobic without significantly affecting their optical transparency. These findings demonstrate the potential of TMS plasma nanocoatings in protecting AgNWs from environmental and aqueous degradation, preserving their electrical conductivity and suitability for use in transparent electrodes and wearable electronics.
Journal Article
Enhancing stability of doped semiconductor polymers with cytop protective layers: An examination of electrical property retention
Doping is a critical method for enhancing the electrical properties of semiconducting polymers, with ongoing innovations in dopant molecules and doping techniques. However, introducing dopants can disrupt the conjugated backbone of polymers like poly[(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)] (PBTTT) and indendithiophene-benzothiadiazole (IDTBT), accelerating the degradation of electronic properties, particularly under air exposure. Cytop, as a cross-linked fluorine-rich polymer material, can form amorphous, smooth hydrophobic surfaces that are isolated from air. However, there is a lack of research on Cytop to inhibit the degradation of electrical properties of polymers in air. This study employed ion-exchange and immersion doping techniques on these polymers and explored the protective effects of the crosslinked polymer Cytop as a barrier layer. We measured the electrical properties of doped films both with and without the Cytop layer under various conditions to determine its impact on the polymers' stability. The findings demonstrate that Cytop significantly enhances the films' stability, offering insights into the long-term performance and reliability of doped semiconducting polymers.
Journal Article
Power System Control Under Cascading Failures
<p>OFFERS A COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUES OF CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS DURING CASCADING OUTAGES AND RESTORATION PROCESS <p><i>Power System Control Under Cascading Failures</i> offers comprehensive coverage of three major topics related to prevention of cascading power outages in a power transmission grid: modelling and analysis, system separation and power system restoration. The book examines modelling and analysis of cascading failures for reliable and efficient simulation and better understanding of important mechanisms, as well as root causes and propagation patterns of failures and power outages. It also covers controlled system separation to mitigate cascading failures addressing key questions such as where, when and how to separate. The text explores optimal system restoration from cascading power outages and blackouts by well-designed milestones, optimised procedures and emerging techniques. <p>The authors — noted experts in the field — include state-of-the-art methods that are illustrated in detail as well as practical examples that show how to use them to address realistic problems and improve current practices. This important resource: <ul> <li>Contains comprehensive coverage of a focused area of cascading power system outages, addressing modelling and analysis, system separation and power system restoration</li> <li>Offers a description of theoretical models to analyse outages, methods to identify control actions to prevent propagation of outages and restore the system</li> <li>Suggests state-of-the-art methods that are illustrated in detail with hands-on examples that address realistic problems to help improve current practices</li> <li>Includes companion website with samples, codes and examples to support the text</li> </ul> <p>Written for postgraduate students, researchers, specialists, planners and operation engineers from industry, <i>Power System Control Under Cascading Failures</i> contains a review of a focused area of cascading power system outages, addresses modelling and analysis, system separation, and power system restoration
eBook
Investigation of poly(benzodifurandione) for bioelectronics: high conductivity, electrical stability, and biocompatibility
Poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO), a recently developed n-type conductive polymer, shows promise as an alternative material for bioelectronics, particularly in neural probes. This study systematically evaluates the electrical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties of PBFDO and compares its performance with the widely used material for bioelectronics; poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The intrinsic doping mechanism of PBFDO provides high electrical conductivity (up to 2000 S/cm) without requiring external dopants, enhancing its environmental stability and simplifying fabrication. Surface characterizations revealed uniform coatings and hydrophilic properties suitable for bioelectronics. Notably, PBFDO demonstrated exceptional electrical stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), retaining 97% of its initial conductivity after three days. Biocompatibility assays using NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells showed no cytotoxic effects, with cell proliferation rates comparable to bare glass and crosslinked PEDOT:PSS. These findings establish PBFDO as a robust and biocompatible material for next-generation bioelectronic devices, including neural probes, biosensors, and implantable electrodes.
Graphical abstract
We highlight PBFDO as a promising biocompatible electrode material for neural probes. PBFDO demonstrates intrinsically high conductivity, exceptional stability in aqueous environments, and excellent biocompatibility, all without the need for modification or post-treatment, outperforming PEDOT:PSS. These properties make PBFDO an ideal candidate for use in neural probes, offering superior material performance.
Journal Article
Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis - Theory and Practice
This book provides a comprehensive practical treatment of the modelling of electrical power systems, and the theory and practice of fault analysis of power systems covering detailed and advanced theories as well as modern industry practices.
The continuity and quality of electricity delivered safely and economically by today’s and future’s electrical power networks are important for both developed and developing economies. The correct modelling of power system equipment and correct fault analysis of electrical networks are pre-requisite to ensuring safety and they play a critical role in the identification of economic network investments. Environmental and economic factors require engineers to maximise the use of existing assets which in turn require accurate modelling and analysis techniques. The technology described in this book will always be required for the safe and economic design and operation of electrical power systems.
eBook