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The interfacial effect is important for anodes of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) to achieve superior lithium-ion storage performance. In this paper, a MoS[sub.2]/FeS[sub.2] heterojunction is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction to construct the interface effect, and the heterostructure introduces an inherent electric field that accelerates the de-embedding process of lithium ions, improves the electron transfer capability, and effectively mitigates volume expansion. XPS analysis confirms evident chemical interaction between MoS[sub.2] and FeS[sub.2] via an interfacial covalent bond (Mo–S–Fe). This MoS[sub.2]/FeS[sub.2] anode shows a distinct interfacial effect for efficient interatomic electron migration. The electrochemical performance demonstrated that the discharge capacity can reach up to 1217.8 mA h g[sup.−1] at 0.1 A g[sup.−1] after 200 cycles, with a capacity retention rate of 72.9%. After 2000 cycles, the capacity retention is about 61.6% at 1.0 A g[sup.−1], and the discharge capacity can still reach 638.9 mA h g[sup.−1]. Electrochemical kinetic analysis indicated an enhanced pseudocapacitance contribution and that the MoS[sub.2]/FeS[sub.2] had sufficient adsorption of lithium ions. This paper therefore argues that this interfacial engineering is an effective solution for designing sulfide-based anodes with good electrochemical properties.

This study employs a simple and cost-effective technique to enhance the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting performance of melamine cyanaurate microrods (M), SnO[sub.2] nanostructures (S), and melamine cyanaurate microrods decorated with SnO[sub.2] quantum dots (MS) by optimizing NaOH and Na[sub.2]SO[sub.3] electrolytes. Notably, the MS electrode demonstrates a remarkable improvement in PEC efficiency in Na[sub.2]SO[sub.3] solution associated with NaOH solution. Specifically, the induced currents of the MS anode in the Na[sub.2]SO[sub.3] electrolyte are approximately 6.28 mAcm[sup.−2] more than those observed in the NaOH electrolyte solution. It is revealed that SO[sub.3] [sup.2−] anions effectively consume the holes, leading to improved separation of the generated charge pairs. This effective charge separation mechanism significantly contributes to the enhanced PEC performance observed in Na[sub.2]SO[sub.3] electrolytes. The findings of this study suggest a capable approach for improving the PEC activity of the materials through the careful optimization of the supported electrolytes.

Polymer electrolytes, a type of electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries, combine polymers and ionic salts. Their integration into lithium-ion batteries has resulted in significant advancements in battery technology, including improved safety, increased capacity, and longer cycle life. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing ion transport mechanism, fundamental characteristics, and preparation methods of different types of polymer electrolytes, including solid polymer electrolytes and gel polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, this work explores recent advancements in non-aqueous Li-based battery systems, where polymer electrolytes lead to inherent performance improvements. These battery systems encompass Li-ion polymer batteries, Li-ion solid-state batteries, Li-air batteries, Li-metal batteries, and Li-sulfur batteries. Notably, the advantages of polymer electrolytes extend beyond enhancing safety. This review also highlights the remaining challenges and provides future perspectives, aiming to propose strategies for developing novel polymer electrolytes for high-performance Li-based batteries.

Self-propelled chemical micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated considerable potential in targeted drug delivery, (bio)sensing, and environmental remediation due to their autonomous nature and possible intelligent self-targeting behaviors (e.g., chemotaxis and phototaxis). However, these MNMs are commonly limited by their primary propulsion mechanisms of self-electrophoresis and electrolyte self-diffusiophoresis, making them prone to quenching in high electrolyte environments. Thus, the swarming behaviors of chemical MNMs in high-electrolyte media remain underexplored, despite their potential to enable the execution of complex tasks in high-electrolyte biological media or natural waters. In this study, we develop ultrasmall tubular nanomotors that exhibit ion-tolerant propulsions and collective behaviors. Upon vertical upward UV irradiation, the ultrasmall Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3] tubular nanomotors (Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3] TNMs) demonstrate positive superdiffusive photogravitaxis and can further self-organize into nanoclusters near the substrate in a reversible manner. After self-organization, the Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3] TNMs exhibit a pronounced emergent behavior, allowing them to switch from random superdiffusions to ballistic motions near the substrate. Even at a high electrolyte concentration (Ce), the ultrasmall Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3] TNMs retain a relatively thick electrical double layer (EDL) compared to their size, and the electroosmotic slip flow in their EDL is strong enough to propel them and induce phoretic interactions among them. As a result, the nanomotors can rapidly concentrate near the substrate and then gather into motile nanoclusters in high-electrolyte environments. This work opens a gate for designing swarming ion-tolerant chemical nanomotors and may expedite their applications in biomedicine and environmental remediation.

In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients with acute decompensated heart failure and volume overload who received intravenous acetazolamide plus a loop diuretic had a higher incidence of decongestion.

Potassium (K)‐based batteries are viewed as the most promising alternatives to lithium‐based batteries, owing to their abundant potassium resource, lower redox potentials (−2.97 V vs. SHE), and low cost. Recently, significant achievements on electrode materials have boosted the development of potassium‐based batteries. However, the poor interfacial compatibility between electrode and electrolyte hinders their practical. Hence, rational design of electrolyte/electrode interface by electrolytes is the key to develop K‐based batteries. In this review, the principles for formulating organic electrolytes are comprehensively summarized. Then, recent progress of various liquid organic and solid‐state K+ electrolytes for potassium‐ion batteries and beyond are discussed. Finally, we offer the current challenges that need to be addressed for advanced K‐based batteries. This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of various liquid organic and solid‐state K+ electrolytes for potassium‐based batteries. First, the key design principles and applications of organic liquid electrolyte in various battery systems are discussed. Then the research status of ionic liquid, gel/polymer, and solid electrolyte are summarized and evaluated. Finally, this review discusses the challenge of various electrolyte/electrode interfaces and puts forward promising research direction and opportunities in the future.

The increasing demands for efficient and clean energy-storage systems have spurred the development of Li metal batteries, which possess attractively high energy densities. For practical application of Li metal batteries, it is vital to resolve the intrinsic problems of Li metal anodes, i.e., the formation of Li dendrites, interfacial instability, and huge volume changes during cycling. Utilization of solid-state electrolytes for Li metal anodes is a promising approach to address those issues. In this study, we use a 3D garnet-type ion-conductive framework as a host for the Li metal anode and study the plating and stripping behaviors of the Li metal anode within the solid ion-conductive host. We show that with a solid-state ion-conductive framework and a planar current collector at the bottom, Li is plated from the bottom and rises during deposition, away from the separator layer and free from electrolyte penetration and short circuit. Owing to the solid-state deposition property, Li grows smoothly in the pores of the garnet host without forming Li dendrites. The dendrite-free deposition and continuous rise/fall of Li metal during plating/stripping in the 3D ion-conductive host promise a safe and durable Li metal anode. The solid-state Li anode shows stable cycling at 0.5 mA cm−2 for 300 h with a small overpotential, showing a significant improvement compared with reported Li anodes with ceramic electrolytes. By fundamentally eliminating the dendrite issue, the solid Li metal anode shows a great potential to build safe and reliable Li metal batteries.

Highlights The recent progress about zinc-ion batteries was systematically summarized in detail, including the merits and limits of aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes, various cathode materials, zinc anode, and solid-state zinc-ion batteries. Current challenges and perspectives to future research directions are also provided. The increasing demands for environmentally friendly grid-scale electric energy storage devices with high energy density and low cost have stimulated the rapid development of various energy storage systems, due to the environmental pollution and energy crisis caused by traditional energy storage technologies. As one of the new and most promising alternative energy storage technologies, zinc-ion rechargeable batteries have recently received much attention owing to their high abundance of zinc in natural resources, intrinsic safety, and cost effectiveness, when compared with the popular, but unsafe and expensive lithium-ion batteries. In particular, the use of mild aqueous electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) demonstrates high potential for portable electronic applications and large-scale energy storage systems. Moreover, the development of superior electrolyte operating at either high temperature or subzero condition is crucial for practical applications of ZIBs in harsh environments, such as aerospace, airplanes, or submarines. However, there are still many existing challenges that need to be resolved. This paper presents a timely review on recent progresses and challenges in various cathode materials and electrolytes (aqueous, organic, and solid-state electrolytes) in ZIBs. Design and synthesis of zinc-based anode materials and separators are also briefly discussed.