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How do people flexibly regulate their emotions in order to manage the diverse demands of varying situations? This question assumes particular importance given the central role that emotion regulation (ER) deficits play in many forms of psychopathology. In this review, we propose a translational framework for the study of ER flexibility that is relevant to normative and clinical populations. We also offer a set of computational tools that are useful for work on ER flexibility. We specify how such tools can be used in a variety of settings, such as basic research, experimental psychopathology, and clinical practice. Our goal is to encourage the theoretical and methodological precision that is needed in order to facilitate progress in this important area.

The ability to regulate emotions is an important part of adaptive functioning in society. Advances in cognitive and affective neuroscience and biological psychiatry have facilitated examination of neural systems that may be important for emotion regulation. In this critical review we first develop a neural model of emotion regulation that includes neural systems implicated in different voluntary and automatic emotion regulatory subprocesses. We then use this model as a theoretical framework to examine functional neural abnormalities in these neural systems that may predispose to the development of a major psychiatric disorder characterized by severe emotion dysregulation, bipolar disorder.

Socially-induced cognitive emotion regulation (Social-Reg) is crucial for emotional well-being and social functioning; however, its brain mechanisms remain poorly understood. Given that both social cognition and cognitive emotion regulation engage key regions of the default-mode network (DMN), we hypothesized that Social-Reg would rely on the DMN, and that its effectiveness would be associated with social functioning. During functional MRI, negative emotions were elicited by pictures, and – via short instructions – a psychotherapist either down-regulated participants' emotions by employing reappraisal (Reg), or asked them to simply look at the pictures (Look). Adult Attachment Scale was used to measure social functioning. Contrasting Reg versus Look, aversive emotions were successfully reduced during Social-Reg, with increased activations in the prefrontal and parietal cortices, precuneus and the left temporo-parietal junction. These activations covered key nodes of the DMN and were associated with Social-Reg success. Furthermore, participants' attachment security was positively correlated with both Social-Reg success and orbitofrontal cortex involvement during Social-Reg. In addition, specificity of the neural correlates of Social-Reg was confirmed by comparisons with participants' DMN activity at rest and their brain activations during a typical emotional self-regulation task based on the same experimental paradigm without a psychotherapist. Our results provide first evidence for the specific involvement of the DMN in Social-Reg, and the association of Social-Reg with individual differences in attachment security. The findings suggest that DMN dysfunction, found in many neuropsychiatric disorders, may impair the ability to benefit from Social-Reg. •Neural correlates of social cognitive emotion regulation were investigated.•Social cognitive emotion regulation successfully down-regulated negative emotions.•Social cognitive emotion regulation recruited key regions of the DMN.•Reliance on social–DMN nodes was specific for the social (and not self) regulation.•Effectiveness of social regulation was linked to attachment security.

Previous studies have shown that the emotion regulation ability and use of strategies of adolescents are closely related to their anxiety level. This study focused on two emotion regulation abilities (distress tolerance and emotion regulation flexibility) and the use of five emotion regulation strategies, namely, distraction, reappraisal, experiential avoidance, suppression and venting, to explore their relationships with anxiety. A total of 1122 Chinese adolescents ( M age = 13.40, SD age = 0.80, 47.06% female) completed a questionnaire on distress tolerance, emotion regulation flexibility, the use of emotion regulation strategies, and anxiety. The results showed that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between distress tolerance and anxiety. Additionally, both adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between emotion regulation flexibility and anxiety, with the indirect effect of adaptive emotion regulation strategies being significantly greater than that of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. This finding may also suggest that adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies play distinct roles in mediating the relationship between emotion regulation ability and anxiety; moreover, it indicates that distress tolerance and emotion regulation flexibility involve two different aspects of emotion regulation ability, thus reflecting their inherent unity and specificity. Additionally, it has been found there are gender differences in emotion regulation strategies. Compared with that of males, the mediating effect of adaptive emotion regulation strategies between emotion regulation flexibility and anxiety was not significant in female participants. This may suggest that, in comparison with male adolescents, female adolescents find it more challenging to alleviate anxiety by using adaptive strategies. This study helps to better understand how emotion regulation ability and emotion regulation strategies reduce adolescent anxiety and has implications for the prevention and intervention of adolescent anxiety.

Following Linehan's biosocial model, we conceptualize emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD) as consisting of four components: emotion sensitivity, heightened and labile negative affect, a deficit of appropriate regulation strategies, and a surplus of maladaptive regulation strategies. We review the evidence supporting each of these components. Given the complexity of the construct of emotion dysregulation and its involvement in many disorders, there is a need for research that specifies which components of emotion dysregulation are under study and also examines the interplay amongst these emotion dysregulation components.

The link between anxiety, depression, and cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in cancer patients is currently gaining attention, yet no research to date, have investigated the cognitive coping strategies moderating this link. This study evaluated the moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation (CER) in the association between anxiety, depression, and CRF in cancer patients. Participants included 372 cancer patients (female = 57%) recruited from the oncology unit of a University Teaching Hospital, South-east Nigeria. They completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Cognitive Emotion Regulatory Questionnaires. The results of the moderation analysis showed that the adaptive CER (ACER) and maladaptive (MCER) total scores moderated the relationship between anxiety and CRF, but not for depression. ACER resulted in lower CRF when combined with lower anxiety while the use of MCER resulted in higher CRF when combined with higher anxiety. Further probe into the nine dimensions of CER (five ACER and four MCER) showed positive refocusing, putting into perspective, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, catastrophizing and others blame moderated the association between anxiety and CRF. But for depression, self-blame moderated the relationship between depression and CRF, particularly at higher level of self-blame. These findings highlighted the importance of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the management of CRF in cancer patients. Interventions aimed at improving better cognitive coping strategies could help to ameliorate higher level of psychological distress among cancer patients.

Emotion Regulation (ER) is an umbrella term that covers both interpersonal and intrapersonal strategies aimed at modifying the duration, intensity and type of emotions that the individuals are experiencing. Although the connection between intrapersonal emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress is well documented, the evidence regarding the association between interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) strategies and psychological distress is rather limited and inconsistent, indicating the need to better understand the conditions in which the association between IER strategies and psychological distress becomes stronger. The current study examined the association of the interaction between maladaptive intrapersonal emotion regulation and IER strategies (i.e., enhancement of positive affect, perspective-taking, social modeling, and soothing) with anxiety and depression. In order to examine this, we asked 318 Turkish individuals (243 females; M = 21.17, SD = 1.89) to complete an online survey which included scales assessing IER, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation, anxiety and depression. The moderation analyses indicated that interaction of soothing with maladaptive ER strategies was significantly linked with depression, indicating that frequent use of soothing as an IER strategy is linked with lower levels of depression in individuals that rarely use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., rumination, and catastrophizing). However, similar results were not observed for anxiety. The findings suggest that the association of especially soothing dimension of IER with depression may change depending on the individual’s use of other emotion regulation strategies and soothing may function adaptively under certain conditions.

Emotion regulation research is flourishing. However, enthusiasm for this topic has outpaced conceptual clarity, resulting in a maelstrom of disparate findings. In the present review, we bring together two conceptual frameworks that we believe may be useful in organizing existing findings and suggesting directions for future research. The first considers individuals' fundamental beliefs about emotion and the pervasive role they play in emotion regulation. The second identifies how emotion regulation unfolds across time (Gross, 2015). We bring these two frameworks together to highlight how individuals' beliefs about emotion influence each step in the emotion regulation process: identifying a need to regulate, selecting regulation strategies, implementing regulation, and monitoring one's regulatory success. At each stage, we consider both how individuals' beliefs shape the emotion regulation they apply to themselves (intrinsic emotion regulation), and also the emotion regulation they apply to others (extrinsic emotion regulation). We conclude by highlighting several promising directions for future research. La recherche sur la gestion des émotions est florissante. Or, l'enthousiasme que suscite cette question outrepasse la clarté conceptuelle, ce qui a généré une série de résultats disparates. Dans le présent examen, nous réunissons deux cadres conceptuels qui, nous croyons, pourront être utiles pour organiser les résultats actuels et suggérer des pistes de recherche future. Le premier cadre considère les croyances fondamentales de l'individu par rapport aux émotions et le rôle prépondérant de ces croyances sur la gestion des émotions. Le deuxième cadre identifie comment la gestion des émotions suit son cours avec le temps (Gross, 2015). Nous réunissons ensuite ces deux cadres pour mettre en lumière comment les croyances des individus concernant les émotions influencent chaque étape du processus de gestion des émotions soit : l'identification de la nécessité de gestion, la sélection des stratégies de gestion, la mise en œuvre de la gestion et l'évaluation du succès de la gestion. À chacune des étapes, nous considérons comment les croyances des individus façonnent la gestion des émotions vis-à-vis eux-mêmes (gestion des émotions intrinsèque), ainsi que la gestion des émotions vis-à-vis d'autres (gestion des émotions extrinsèque). Nous concluons en proposant plusieurs orientations prometteuses en matière de recherche future.

While difficulties with emotion regulation (ER) are consistently linked to poor mental health in adulthood, findings in adolescence have been more mixed. Cognitive ER strategies, which involve the ability to manage emotions through mental processes, may be particularly important during different stages of development due to age-specific adjustments. We conducted two exploratory and cross-sectional studies to examine the relationships between cognitive ER strategies and mental health (i.e., depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms) in two samples: 431 young adults (Mage = 20.66 ± 2.21; 70% women and 30% men) and 271 adolescents (Mage = 14.80 ± 0.0.59; 44.6% girls and 55.4% boys). The participants completed a group of questionnaires, including the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Youth Self Report. We employed hierarchical multiple regressions to assess the unique contribution of cognitive ER strategies to mental health outcomes. Maladaptive strategies (such as rumination and catastrophizing) were consistently associated with impaired mental health in both samples, while adaptive strategies (such as positive refocusing and positive reappraisal) were only associated with better mental health in young adults. These findings support the importance of cognitive ER strategies as potential risk factors for psychopathology and suggest that interventions aimed at improving emotion regulation may be beneficial. The age-specific differences in the relationship between cognitive ER strategies and mental health may reflect the refinement of emotion regulation abilities across the lifespan.

Maladaptive behavior is common in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the factors that give rise to maladaptive behavior in this context are not well understood. The present study examined the role of emotion experience and emotion regulation in maladaptive behavior in individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) participants. Thirty-one individuals with ASD and 28 TD participants and their parents completed questionnaires assessing emotion experience, regulation, and maladaptive behavior. Compared to TD participants, individuals with ASD used cognitive reappraisal less frequently, which was associated with increased negative emotion experience, which in turn was related to greater levels of maladaptive behavior. By decreasing negative emotions, treatments targeting adaptive emotion regulation may therefore reduce maladaptive behaviors in individuals with ASD.