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We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house importcompeting manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets.

We study the procompetitive gains from international trade in a quantitative model with endogenously variable markups. We find that trade can significantly reduce markup distortions if two conditions are satisfied: (i) there is extensive misallocation, and (ii) opening to trade exposes hitherto dominant producers to greater competitive pressure. We measure the extent to which these two conditions are satisfied in Taiwanese producer-level data. Versions of our model consistent with the Taiwanese data predict that opening up to trade strongly increases competition and reduces markup distortions by up to one-half thus significantly reducing productivity losses due to misallocation.

Because of scale effects, idea-based growth models imply that larger countries should be much richer than smaller ones. New trade models share the same counterfactual feature. In fact, new trade models exhibit other counterfactual implications associated with scale effects: import shares decrease and relative income levels increase too steeply with country size. We argue that these implications are largely a result of the standard assumption that countries are fully integrated domestically. We depart from this assumption by treating countries as collections of regions that face positive costs to trade among themselves. The resulting model is largely consistent with the data.

The literature on international trade and firm performance grows exponentially. This paper attempts to summarize what we learn from this literature to guide future empirical and theoretical work in this area. The focus is on the empirical part of the literature that consists of recently published papers using data for firms from manufacturing or services industries to study the links between international trade (exports and imports) and dimensions of firm performance (productivity, wages, profitability and survival).

The 1993 publication of a World Bank book on the East Asian Miracle explained the extraordinarily rapid growth of Japan and seven other economies of East Asia (at 5 percent a year) between 1965 and 1990 as grounded in those economies' adherence to market \"fundamentals\"—sound macro management, \"shared\" growth policies, investment in human capital—combined with an \"export push\" which fostered the technological learning that drove those countries' high total factor productivity growth. The Bank authors dismissed \"industrial policy\" as central to their growth and cautioned against other developing countries adopting industrial policy in the absence of strong government institutions. Was the book too much a product of its post-Soviet, neoliberal era? Considering what we know now about the state of governance in developing countries, might industrial policy help boost growth in at least some developing countries?

We use an excludable instrument to test the effect of bilateral foreign aid on economic growth in a sample of 97 recipient countries over the 1974–2013 period. Our instrument interacts donor government fractionalization with a recipient country’s probability of receiving aid. The results show that fractionalization increases donors’aid budgets, representing the variation over time of our instrument, while the probability of receiving aid introduces variation across recipient countries. Controlling for countryand period-specific fixed effects that capture the levels of the interacted variables, the interaction provides a powerful and excludable instrument. Making use of the instrument, our results show a positive but insignificant effect of aid on growth. We also investigate the effect of aid on consumption, savings, investments and net exports and investigate heterogeneity according to the quality of economic policy, democracy and the Cold War period. We find that aid increases investment and consumption, while it decreases net exports. In no regression do we find that aid affects growth. However, the coefficients from the instrumental variables regressions are also not statistically different from the positive and significant OLS estimates. À l’aide d’un instrument exclusif, nous évaluons l’impact de l’aide étrangère bilatérale sur la croissance économique d’un échantillon de 97 pays bénéficiaires entre 1974 et 2013. Notre instrument met en interaction le fractionnement de l’aide apportée par les gouvernements contributeurs et la probabilité qu’un pays bénéficiaire puisse recevoir de l’aide extérieure. Les résultats suggèrent qu’en matière d’aide, le fractionnement entraîne une augmentation des budgets des pays contributeurs, constituant ainsi la variable dans le temps de notre instrument. La probabilité de recevoir de l’aide, quant à elle, introduit la variable parmi les pays bénéficiaires. Cette mise en interaction, tenant compte des effets fixes spécifiques au niveau des pays et des périodes, et reflétant le niveau des variables dépendantes, offre un outil puissant et exclusif. Grâce à cet instrument, nos résultats indiquent que l’aide extérieure exerce une relation positive mais négligeable sur la croissance. Dans cet article, nous étudions également l’effet de l’aide étrangère sur la consommation, l’épargne, l’investissement et les exportations nettes, ainsi que l’hétérogénéité à l’aune de la qualité des politiques économiques, du niveau démocratique et de la période de guerre froide. Nous constatons que l’aide étrangère permet d’augmenter l’investissement et la consommation, mais à tendance à diminuer les exportations nettes. Hors modèle de régression, nous constatons que l’aide extérieure exerce une incidence sur la croissance. Néanmoins, les coefficients issus des régressions à variables instrumentales ne sont pas statistiquement différents des estimations positives et significatives réalisées par la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaire.

This paper studies the impact of the growth and volatility of commodity terms of trade (CToT) on economic growth, total factor productivity, physical capital accumulation and human capital acquisition. We use the standard system generalized methods of moments (GMM) approach as well as the dynamic common correlated effects pooled mean group (CCEPMG) methodology for estimation to account for cross-country heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence and feedback effects. Using both annual data for 1970–2007 and 5-year non-overlapping observations, we find that while CToT growth enhances real output per capita, CToT volatility exerts a negative impact on economic growth operating mainly through lower accumulation of physical and human capital. Productivity, however, is not affected by either the growth or the volatility of CToT. Our results also indicate that the negative growth effects of CToT volatility offset the positive impact of commodity booms. Therefore, we argue that volatility, rather than abundance per se, drives the ‘resource curse’ paradox.

Although agile software development (ASD) has been adopted in the industry, requirements approaches for ASD still neglect non-functional requirements. Privacy has become a concern due to new user demands and data protection laws. Hence, privacy needs to be properly specified, but agile requirements engineering techniques do not explicitly represent privacy requirements and, therefore, are not able to proper analyze such requirements. In this context, Privacy Criteria Method (PCM), an approach to specify privacy in requirements activities, was proposed to produce more complete and detailed privacy requirements. By considering PCM a promising approach to be used in ASD and the importance of empirical evaluation of new methods, we have as objectives: 1 evaluate the ability of PCM to support systems analysts in specifying privacy requirements when used in conjunction with some agile specification methods; and 2 show our lessons learned in conducting empirical research based on an mix-method approach defined to empirically evaluate the suitability of a requirements specification in specifying privacy requirements. Mixed-method approach is a controlled experiment as a quantitative evaluation and a feasibility study (questionnaire and task analysis based) study as a qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The requirements specifications following PCM allow to represent privacy aspects, such as user’s personal data and the privacy mechanism that can be used to mitigate a privacy risk scenario. We also observed that some extra time is necessary to specify privacy requirements with PCM, but it does not imply a greater perceived effort. Specifications produced with PCM are of good quality and more privacy detailed. Additionally, we attest to the importance of conducting empirical research to evaluate new methods. PCM assists in specifying more complete and detailed in relation to traditional techniques used in ASD, which facilitates communication between the requirements analysts and developers.

We investigate the trade-economic growth nexus in developing countries considering the structure of the external sector. The economic literature has examined the effects on growth of export composition, export diversification and import composition, individually. We add to this discussion by jointly evaluating the role of these three factors in the trade-economic growth nexus. The assessment of the structure of the external sector allows identifying the features that improve the trade-economic growth nexus with relevant economic policy implications for developing countries. Using a sample of 19 developing countries and dynamic panel data models, we found that export composition and export diversification are insignificant. By contrast, the domestic content of exports, the share of high-tech imports and capital goods imports are positively associated with economic growth. Consequently, developing countries growth benefits from high-tech and capital goods imports, and potentially, from the development of an industrial policy able to boost the domestic production of inputs for the exporting sector.

Research collaboration between industry and academia supports improvement and innovation in industry and helps ensure the industrial relevance of academic research. However, many researchers and practitioners in the community believe that the level of joint industry-academia collaboration (IAC) projects in Software Engineering (SE) research is relatively low, creating a barrier between research and practice. The goal of the empirical study reported in this paper is to explore and characterize the state of IAC with respect to industrial needs, developed solutions, impacts of the projects and also a set of challenges, patterns and anti-patterns identified by a recent Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study. To address the above goal, we conducted an opinion survey among researchers and practitioners with respect to their experience in IAC. Our dataset includes 101 data points from IAC projects conducted in 21 different countries. Our findings include: (1) the most popular topics of the IAC projects, in the dataset, are: software testing, quality, process, and project managements; (2) over 90% of IAC projects result in at least one publication; (3) almost 50% of IACs are initiated by industry, busting the myth that industry tends to avoid IACs; and (4) 61% of the IAC projects report having a positive impact on their industrial context, while 31% report no noticeable impacts or were “not sure”. To improve this situation, we present evidence-based recommendations to increase the success of IAC projects, such as the importance of testing pilot solutions before using them in industry. This study aims to contribute to the body of evidence in the area of IAC, and benefit researchers and practitioners. Using the data and evidence presented in this paper, they can conduct more successful IAC projects in SE by being aware of the challenges and how to overcome them, by applying best practices (patterns), and by preventing anti-patterns.