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Background: The cardiac morphology and functioning undergoes a variety of changes on physical training, and it depends on the type of training the person undergoes. Endurance training and speed training are the two major classifications in it, and it is essential to know which type overruns the other in increasing the cardiac functioning. Aims and Objective: To compare the cardiac functioning of three groups of human participants viz., endurance athletes, speed athletes, and untrained individuals, by measuring their VO2 max and QRS wave amplitude. Materials and Methods: Fifteen endurance athletes (mean age ± SD: 20.27 ± 1.58 years), 15 speed athletes (mean age ± SD: 20.15 ± 1.85 years), and 15 control subjects (mean age ± SD: 19.33 ± 0.82 years) were recruited into the study. VO2 max was obtained from three tests (beep test, UthSorensenOvergaardPedersen method, and Cooper variation method), and mean QRS wave amplitude was measured using Minnesota code of classification.Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test. Result: The VO2 max (V) and QRS wave amplitude (R) of endurance (V: P < 0.001; R: P < 0.001) and speed athletes (V: beep testP < 0.05, othersP < 0.001; R: P < 0.05) were significantly higher than that of the untrained individuals. When compared between the two athletic groups, endurance athletes showed significantly higher values than the speed athletes in both the parameters (V: P < 0.001; R: P < 0.001). Conclusion: Both endurance and speed training enhance the cardiac functioning when compared with the untrained individuals significantly. But, endurance training shows an edge over speed training in increasing the effectiveness of working of heart. [Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 6(1.000): 59-64]

The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the sociodemographic and psychosocial profile, also to identify the risk of injury of a contemporary sample of Spanish amateur endurance runners regarding individual variables, training volume and personality. A total of 147 endurance runners (114 males and 33 females; age: 42.66 ± 11.54 years old; BMI: 22.83 ± 2.47 kg/m2) completed an ad hoc questionnaire designed for athletes older than 18 years old. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed for the fact of having a personal trainer, with women reporting a higher percentage than men. Most of the athletes (68%) have been injured in the last 3 years, and no significant differences between sexes were found. The profile of the endurance runner is a normotypical 40-year-old male with some anxiety and low mood, who has studied at the university, he/she is married or has a couple. He has been training for 16 years, doing 51 kilometers per week, joining 12 annual competitions, and has been injured 2 times in the last 3 years. The most common injury is tendonitis, being the causes of injuries found in this study the footwear and the personal goal achievement. Keywords: Endurance athletes, runners, injuries, socio-demographics    

\"[This book is] set in the exotic locales and extreme conditions that forged an extraordinary athlete from ordinary roots. Known today as the Queen of Pain for her incredible perseverance against all odds, Rebecca Rusch tells her story of transformation to inspire anyone to discover their own greatness\"--Amazon.com.

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplements such as bars, gels, drinks and powders have become ubiquitous as effective evidence-based CHO sources that improve endurance exercise performance. However, athletes are increasingly turning to more cost-effective ‘food-first’ approaches for CHO ingestion to improve exercise performance. Mixed CHO foods including cooked lentils, oats, honey, raisins, rice, and potatoes are all effective pre-exercise CHO food sources. Caution is advised when selecting some of these foods as a primary CHO source, as some athletes may be prone to gastrointestinal discomfort—especially regarding those foods where the quantities required for recommended CHO intake may be voluminous (e.g., potatoes). Palatability may be another barrier to the ingestion of some of these CHO-rich foods. Although most of these CHO-rich foods appear effective for exercise performance or recovery when consumed pre- and post-exercise, not all are viable to ingest during exercise due to difficulties in the quantities required, transport, and/or gastrointestinal discomfort. Raisins, bananas and honey may be particularly useful CHO foods for consumption during exercise, as they are easily transportable. Athletes should trial CHO food sources before, during and/or following training before implementation during competition.

Applying training practices from other endurance sports, the authors demonstrate that following a carefully designed regimen is as effective for alpinism as it is for any other endurance sport and leads to better performance. They deliver detailed instruction on how to plan and execute training tailored to your individual circumstances, translating training theory into practice to allow you to coach yourself to any mountaineering goal.--Publisher.

This study assessed the effects of a 12-week strength training (ST) intervention on Achilles and patellar tendon stiffness and tendon-matrix blood-borne markers in well-trained triathletes performing concomitant high-volume aerobic training. Eighteen triathletes (VO 2 max: 64.43 ± 4.65 ml kg −1 min −1 ) were randomized into a combined endurance and ST group (3-times/week; intervention) or endurance-only group (control). Pre- and post-intervention assessments included ultrasound-based force-elongation measurements of the Achilles and patellar tendons, blood analysis of selected markers before and after an experimental ST session in weeks 1 and 12, and dynamic strength and endurance testing. Achilles (39.1 ± 31.8%) and patellar tendon stiffness (15.8 ± 8.5%), isometric maximal knee extensor strength (8.9 ± 5.7%), and squat one-repetition maximum (20.0 ± 9.7%) significantly increased in the intervention group (all p  ≤ 0.002). Additionally, serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) I (46.30 ± 20%; p  = 0.027) and decorin (30.50 ± 19.94%; p  = 0.015) increased after the first experimental ST session, while after the second session MMP-III (40.77 ± 20.13%; p  = 0.040) and decorin (36.59 ± 37.81%; p  = 0.007) were increased. Baseline tenascin-c concentrations decreased significantly only in the control group (-19.49 ± 20.55%; p  = 0.029). Our data clearly show improved muscle-tendon properties of the plantar flexor muscles and quadriceps femoris, indicating Achilles and patellar tendon stiffness to be similarly responsive to heavy ST despite concomitantly performing high volumes of endurance training.

Carbohydrate supplementation is a common practice among endurance athletes participating in long-distance competitions. However, glycogen storage regulation, in-competition blood glucose levels, and their relationship with athletic performance are influenced by multiple factors. This review summarizes the recent research progress on carbohydrate supplementation, addressing its applications in the pre-, during-, and post-competition phases. It explores variables that influence the effectiveness of carbohydrate supplementation and provides a summary of strategies, based on six key aspects: carbohydrate properties, multi-nutrient interactions, gastrointestinal function, individual differences (such as age and gender), environmental conditions, and psychological factors. The combination of different types, ratios, and concentrations of carbohydrates has been demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of carbohydrate digestion and absorption. The synergistic combination of protein, sodium, and caffeine intake demonstrates enhanced efficacy in carbohydrate supplementation strategies. Gastrointestinal tolerance training for carbohydrate supplementation has been identified as an effective measure to alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort during high-dose carbohydrate intake. The adjustment of the carbohydrate-to-fat ratio and the type of carbohydrate intake has been found to mitigate the impact of gender and menstrual cycles on glycogen storage and substrate utilization. Modifying the timing of glycogen storage and regulating the concentration and temperature of carbohydrate solutions during competition have been demonstrated to facilitate coping with the elevated energy expenditure and metabolic substrate shift from fat to carbohydrates, triggered by a combination of environmental and psychological factors, including special environmental and climatic conditions (e.g., high altitude, high temperature, high humidity, and cold) and emotional states (e.g., pre-competition stress and anxiety during the competition). To achieve precise carbohydrate supplementation for athletes in major events under various competitive environments, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the effects of carbohydrate supplementation, supported by mechanistic studies. This can be achieved by utilizing wearable devices to monitor the entire competition, coupled with data collection technologies, such as high-throughput profiling. Furthermore, emerging data analytics techniques, such as machine learning and causal inference, should be leveraged to refine supplementation strategies.

Peak oxygen pulse (O 2 P peak ) is an important index of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The FRIEND database is a global source of reference values for CRF. However, no reference equation is tailored for endurance athletes (EA) to predict O 2 P peak . Here, we adjusted the well-established FRIEND equation for O 2 P peak to the characteristics of the EA population. 32 (34.0%) female EA and 62 (66.0%) male well-trained EA underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill. V̇O 2max was 4.5 ± 0.5 L min −1 in males and 3.1 ± 0.4 L min −1 in females. O 2 P peak was 23.6 ± 2.8 mL beat −1 and 16.4 ± 2.0 mL beat −1 for males and females, respectively. Firstly, we externally validated the original FRIEND equation. Secondly, using multiple linear regression, we adjusted the FRIEND equation for O 2 P peak to the population of EA. The original FRIEND equation underestimated O 2 P peak for 2.9 ± 2.9 mL beat −1 ( P  < .001) in males and 2.2 ± 2.1 mL beat −1 ( P  < .001) in females. The updated equation was 1.36 + 1.07 (23.2 · 0.09 · age − 6.6 [ if female ]). The new equation explained 62% of the variance and significantly predicted O 2 P peak (R 2  = 0.62, β = 0.78, P  < .001). The error of the EA-adjusted model was 0.1 ± 2.9 mL beat −1 ( P  = .82) and 0.2 ± 2.1 mL beat −1 ( P  = .65) for males and females respectively. Recalibration of the original FRIEND equation significantly enhances its accuracy among EA. The error of the EA-adjusted model was negligible. A new recalibrated equation should be used to predict O 2 P peak in the population of EA.