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AI-Enabled Energy Policy for a Sustainable Future
The present time is a seminal decade for the transition of the energy sector through the deployment of green energy and the optimization of efficiencies using the power of automation and artificial intelligence (AI), which demands competitive policies to handle multidimensional endeavors via a single platform. The failure of energy policies can have far-reaching socioeconomic consequences when policies do not meet the energy and climate goals throughout the lifecycle of the policy. Such shortcomings are reported to be due to inadequate incentives and poor decision making that needs to promote fairness, equality, equity, and inclusiveness in energy policies and project decision making. The integration of AI in energy sectors poses various challenges that this study aims to analyze through a comprehensive examination of energy policy processes. The study focuses on (1) the decision-making process during the development stage, (2) the implementation management process for the execution stage, (3) the integration of data science, machine learning, and deep learning in energy systems, and (4) the requirements of energy systems in the context of substantiality. Synergistically, an emerging blueprint of policy, data science and AI, engineering practices, management process, business models, and social approaches that provides a multilateral design and implementation reference is propounded. Finally, a novel framework is developed to develop and implement modern energy policies that minimize risks, promote successful implementation, and advance society’s journey towards net zero and carbon neutral objectives.
Journal Article
Harmonization of initial estimates of shale gas life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for electric power generation
Recent technological advances in the recovery of unconventional natural gas, particularly shale gas, have served to dramatically increase domestic production and reserve estimates for the United States and internationally. This trend has led to lowered prices and increased scrutiny on production practices. Questions have been raised as to how greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the life cycle of shale gas production and use compares with that of conventionally produced natural gas or other fuel sources such as coal. Recent literature has come to different conclusions on this point, largely due to differing assumptions, comparison baselines, and system boundaries. Through a meta-analytical procedure we call harmonization, we develop robust, analytically consistent, and updated comparisons of estimates of life cycle GHG emissions for electricity produced from shale gas, conventionally produced natural gas, and coal. On a per-unit electrical output basis, harmonization reveals that median estimates of GHG emissions from shale gas-generated electricity are similar to those for conventional natural gas, with both approximately half that of the central tendency of coal. Sensitivity analysis on the harmonized estimates indicates that assumptions regarding liquids unloading and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of wells have the greatest influence on life cycle GHG emissions, whereby shale gas life cycle GHG emissions could approach the range of best-performing coal-fired generation under certain scenarios. Despite clarification of published estimates through harmonization, these initial assessments should be confirmed through methane emissions measurements at components and in the atmosphere and through better characterization of EUR and practices.
Journal Article
Optimization of material thickness distribution in single and double partition panels for maximized sound insulation
In this work, we propose a method to optimize the material thickness distribution of partition panels for maximized sound insulation while constraining material usage. A framework is developed to couple structural optimization with diffuse field sound transmission loss (STL) predictions based on deterministic-statistical energy analysis (Det-SEA). The methodology can handle the design of both single panels, including a single mechanical plate, and double panels, in which two mechanical plates are separated by an air cavity. Three formulations of the optimization problem are developed and compared in terms of final obtained performance and computational cost. In the first formulation, the resonance dips in the STL are suppressed by pushing the panel eigenfrequencies as far away as possible from the target frequency. In the second and the third formulations, the diffuse STL of the panel is directly maximized respectively at the target frequency and in a frequency band around the target frequency. The practical advantages of the method are investigated for different target frequencies in the audible range and for relevant design cases, such as the suppression of the STL dip located around the critical frequency of single panels and around the mass–spring–mass resonance frequency of double panels. For single panels, all three different formulations lead to significant insulation improvements, with no big differences in the final obtained performance. For double panels instead, we show that simply suppressing the resonance dips with the first formulation does not lead to adequate insulation improvements, but a direct maximization of STL is needed.
Journal Article
Prediction of the Transient Local Energy by Energy Finite Element Analysis
Energy finite element analysis (EFEA) has been successfully applied to steady-state response prediction over the past three decades. Compared with other energy-based methods, such as statistical energy analysis (SEA), EFEA can consider more local structural information without increasing the computational consumption too much, which makes it attractive. Inspired by the transient local energy approach (TLEA), a general transient energy balance equation was derived by assuming that the plane wave condition is satisfied. The properties of the energy balance equation were studied, and the analytical solutions with different initial conditions were provided. Utilizing the derived transient energy balance equation, transient EFEA is proposed, which has the same advantages as EFEA. A general formula is presented for the energy transmission coefficients of any number of coupled in-plane beams. The present approach was validated using a single beam and a coupled collinear beam structure under unloading conditions. The coupled collinear beams were also investigated using constant and quasi-static input power. The validation results show that TEFEA can accurately predict the local response of the structure. All of these results were compared with those of finite element analysis (FEA), simplified TEFEA (sTEFEA), transient statistical energy analysis (TSEA), and analytical formulas.
Journal Article
Review of water-nanofluid based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems
Solar energy is secure, clean, and available on earth throughout the year. The PV/T system is a device designed to receive solar energy and convert it into electric/thermal energy. Nanofluid is a new generation of heat transfer fluid with promising higher thermal conductivity and improve heat transfer rate compared with conventional fluids. In this review, the recent studies of PV/T using nanofluid is discussed regarding basic concept and theory PV/T, thermal conductivity of nanofluid and experimentally and theoretically study the perfromance of PV/T using nanofluid. A review of the literature shows that many studies have evaluated the potential of nanofluid as heat transfer fluid and optical filter in the PV/T system. The preparations of nanofluid play an essential key for high stability and homogenous nanofluid for a long period. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid is depending on the size of nanoparticles, concentration and preparation of nanofluids.
Journal Article
Estimation of Self-Sufficiency Rate in Detached Houses Using Home Energy Management System Data
Japan’s energy consumption in 2018 was about 2.5 times that in 1975, with the increase in the household sector being the largest at 28%. Most of primary energy is still fossil fuel, and it is urgent to reduce energy consumption in the household sector. The purpose of this paper was to identify ways to reduce household energy consumption without compromising the quality of life in residence. However, the reduction methods vary by region, building specifications, household type, equipment specifications, season, and weather. The value of this paper is based on a systematic analysis of home energy management systems (HEMS) data from about 50,000 households under various conditions. We are analyzing ways to reduce energy consumption. Few studies have analyzed this much back-up data, which is likely to lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions across the household sector. To explore ways to reduce energy consumption in this sector, the company has introduced and provided services for home energy management systems (HEMS) since 2011 and is currently collecting HEMS data for up to 50,000 households. In order to grasp the actual state of energy consumption in each household, HEMS data are systematically analyzed, necessary conditions for energy reduction and self-sufficiency rate (SSR) improvement are analyzed, and energy consumption under certain conditions is estimated using storage batteries (SB) and heat pump water heaters (HPWH). In addition, energy consumption was investigated by actual measurement and simulation for several hundred households. Since power generation and consumption vary greatly depending on the region, building specifications, household type, equipment specifications, season, weather, etc., it is necessary to analyze these factors systematically. As a conclusion, in order to improve SSR, it is necessary to (1) reduce surplus power consumption and energy consumption of heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), (2) increase solar power generation, and (3) increase the size of SB. This study contributes to the spread of advanced housing and the reduction of CO2 emissions in the household sector.
Journal Article
A Life Cycle Assessment of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers for Coffee Production to Evaluate Sustainability toward the Energy–Environment–Economic Nexus in Indonesia
Coffee is an important agricultural commodity that is branded according to its environmental criteria in the global market. Therefore, Indonesia’s coffee production system needs to be investigated to meet the demand for eco-labeling, which has become a consumer preference. This study aims to assess the comprehensive sustainability evaluation of coffee production nurtured by an organic fertilizing system (OFS), chemical-organic fertilizing system (COFS), and chemical fertilizing system (CFS) that focuses on the energy–environment–economic nexus. A life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCC), and energy analysis were performed as methods to evaluate the environmental impact, economic performance, and energy requirement analysis. The results indicated that the OFS had superior performance in two sustainability aspects: resulting in the lowest environmental damage and generating the highest economic benefit. Simultaneously, COFS shows the highest sustainability performance as it consumes the least energy. In contrast, CFS indicated the lowest sustainability performance in all aspects: highest environmental impact, lowest economic benefit, and highest energy consumption. Therefore, OFS is strongly recommended to be applied broadly, considering its environmental and economic superiority. Consequently, massive OFS application was followed by higher energy consumption. Alternatively, COFS can be considered for application due to its higher energy performance, even though it can potentially result in higher environmental damage and lower economic benefit. However, the government should explicitly provide some effort for the broad application of OFS in financial and assistance support since the shifting process needs more time to adapt.
Journal Article
Advanced DNA–Gold Biointerface for PCR‐Free Molecular Detection of Leishmania infantum
PCR‐free approaches are the most promising technologies for molecular point‐of‐care (PoC). In this context, the detection of not amplified genetic targets through electro‐optical transduction is successfully investigated. While PCR‐free approaches are widely studied, there are only a few studies investigating the factors that modulate both the kinetics and the effectiveness of target capture. Among these, the probes grafting density and the isoelectric properties of the biointerface are crucial since they conditionate the charge field around biomolecules during and after the target recognition. In this work, an experimental and theoretical study of a gold biointerface functionalized with oligonucleotide probes is presented for the direct detection by cooperative hybridization of the kinetoplast (k)DNA of Leishmania infantum(LI). The biointerface is characterized by surface free energy (SFE) analysis and contact angle (CA) to investigate the grafting of probes and the surface isoelectric properties upon the duplex formation with the genetic target. Experimental data are compared with a theoretical model, based on the prediction of adsorption energies, which effectively reflects the charge profile of the functionalized surface. Lastly, the biointerface is characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the sensing performances assess in the frame of its suitability for PoC applications. The development of DNA–gold biointerface is proposed for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)‐free molecular detection of protozoan Leishmania infantum and the experimental and theoretical investigation of its surface properties, in terms of oligonucleotide probes grafting density and sensing interface isoelectric properties, toward the improvement of the effectiveness and kinetics of the not amplified genetic target capture.
Journal Article
Experimental and simulation studies on similitude design method for shock responses of beam-plate coupled structure
The similitude theory helps to understand the physical behaviors of large structures through scaled models. Several papers have studied the similitude of shock issues. However, the dynamic similitude for shock responses of coupled structures is rarely incorporated in open studies. In this paper, scaling laws are derived for the shock responses and spectra of coupled structures. In the presented scaling laws, the geometric distortion and energy loss are considered. The ability of the proposed scaling laws is demonstrated in the simulation and experimental cases. In both cases, the similitude prediction for the prototype’s time-domain waveform and spectrum is conducted with the scaled model and scaling laws. The simulation and experimental cases indicate that the predicted shock responses and spectra agree well with those of the prototype, which verifies the proposed scaling laws for predicting shock responses.
Journal Article