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This study investigates the latitudinal characteristics of the nighttime electron temperature, as observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16 satellite, and its dependence on solar and geomagnetic activities between 2013 and 2022 in the topside ionosphere, only for the winter hemispheres. The electron temperature in both hemispheres exhibited a low-temperature zone at the equator and a double high-temperature zone at the sub-auroral and auroral latitudes along the magnetic latitude. In addition, we further studied the temperature crest/trough positions in the temperature zone at different latitudes. As the solar activity intensity decreased (increased), the temperature trough position at the equator shifted from the Southern (Northern) to the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, and the temperature double-crest positions at the sub-auroral and auroral latitudes gradually approached (moved away from) each other. Furthermore, during the geomagnetic disturbance time, the temperature double-crest positions both moved toward lower latitudes, but the temperature trough position was not sensitive to geomagnetic activity. Our analysis demonstrates that the values and correlations of the electron temperature and density varied in different temperature characteristic zones (the temperature crest/trough positions ±2°), possibly due to the different energy control factors of the electrons at different latitudes. This may also indirectly indicate the energy coupling process between the topside ionosphere and different regions at different latitudes.

【Objective】Evapotranspiration is a critical component of hydrological cycling and accurately estimating it is essential to improving water resource management in catchments. In this paper, we proposes a new model to stimulate the evapotranspiration of barley in the Tibetan Plateau.【Method】A physically-based model that integrates hydrological process and energy balance into the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum system was developed to simulate evapotranspiration; an experiment was conducted using lysimeters at the Experimental Station of Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University to measure the evapotranspiration of the barley during its growing season in 2019, 2021, 2022 and 2024 for model validation.【Result】The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient between evapotranspiration measured and simulated using the model was higher than 0.747, with mean and standard deviation errors less than 5% and 10%, respectively. Compared to evapotranspiration calculated using the Penman-Monteith formula, the proposed model improved the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient by 88.6%, reduced the relative root mean square error, systematic and total deviations by 25.9%, 55.1% and 22.3% respectively. In the study area, both the evapotranspiration of barley and its variability were significantly higher than those estimated by the Penman-Monteith formula. When soil moisture was sufficient to meet the demand of the barley, global sensitivity analysis revealed that the influence of the parameters characterizing climate and energy conversion on the evapotranspiration was significantly greater than that of other driving factors, such as net radiation and flux transmission parameters. The hydrology-energy relationship and energy balance had a substantial influence on the evapotranspiration of barley in the plateau. 【Conclusion】The proposed model accurately captured the fundamental mechanisms controlling the evapotranspiration of barley in the Tibetan Plateau, and can be used to simulate spatiotemporal changes in evapotranspiration of other crops in the region.

S161.4; [目的]揭示高原主要作物腾发机制,提出物理计算方法,提高西藏高原青稞腾发量模拟性能.[方法]将高原气象条件对能量和水文过程的影响与土壤-植物-大气连续体理论相耦合,提出了计算青稞腾发量的物理模型.采用 2019、2021、2022 年和 2024 年西藏农牧大学实验小区青稞生育期实测腾发量,对模型进行验证和分析.[结果]模型率定期和验证期的N-S效率系数分别为 0.820 和 0.747,模型率定期系统性偏差＜5%,模型验证期系统性偏差＜10%.高原气象条件下,青稞腾发量变化范围均显著超过了 Penman-Monteith 模型的计算值,与Penman-Monteith模型相比,所提出模型N-S效率系数提高了 88.6%,相对均方根偏差降低了 25.9%,系统性偏差和总偏差分别降低了 55.1%和 22.3%.基于Sobol的全局敏感性分析结果表明,在土壤水分满足青稞腾发需求的情况下,高原特征参数和能量转化参数的总敏感性显著超过驱动因子和通量传输参数,高原条件下的能量-水文关系和能量均衡机制显著影响腾发过程.[结论]本研究提出的模型能够充分描述高原气象条件对作物腾发量的影响机制,有效模拟了青稞腾发量.

A lack of high‐density rootzone soil moisture (θRZ) observations limits the estimation of continental‐scale, space‐time contiguous θRZ dynamics. We derive a proxy of daily θRZ dynamics — active rootzone degree of saturation (SRZ) — by recursive low‐pass (LP) filtering of surface soil moisture (θS) within a terrestrial water‐energy coupling (WEC) framework. We estimate the LP filter parameters and WEC thresholds for the piecewise‐linear coupling between SRZ and evaporative fraction (EF) at remote sensing and field scale over the Contiguous U.S. We use θS from the Soil Moisture Active‐Passive (SMAP) satellite and 218 in‐situ stations, with EF from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. The estimated SRZ compares well against SMAP Level‐4 estimates and in‐situ θRZ, at the corresponding scale. The instantaneous hydrologic state (SRZ) vis‐à‐vis the WEC thresholds is proposed as a rootzone soil moisture stress index (SMSRZ) for near‐real‐time operational agricultural drought monitoring and agrees well with established drought metrics. Plain Language Summary Rootzone soil moisture plays a vital role in agricultural, hydrological, and ecosystem processes. The available spaceborne satellites for monitoring soil moisture can only capture variability in a shallow soil layer at the surface, typically limited to the top 5 cm. Hence, spatiotemporally continuous estimation of rootzone soil moisture dynamics typically relies on soil moisture estimates from land‐surface models, which are subject to errors in the surface meteorological forcing data, process formulations, and model parameters. Some studies suggest that the rootzone soil moisture dynamics can be estimated by filtering the high‐frequency variability in the surface soil moisture. However, such “filters” require observed rootzone data (often unavailable at high spatial density) for calibration. This study uses the relationship between surface soil moisture and evaporative fraction derived using spaceborne observations from the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to estimate rootzone soil moisture dynamics for the Contiguous U.S. at 9 km grid resolution. We further demonstrate that this approach can be extended into a near‐real‐time agricultural drought monitor to assess drought impacts on vegetation using surface soil moisture observations. Key Points Terrestrial water‐energy coupling is used to parameterize low‐pass filter to estimate rootzone dynamics from surface soil moisture Rootzone degree of saturation and water‐energy coupling thresholds are estimated using evaporative fraction and surface soil moisture SMAP‐based rootzone degree of saturation can used for operational, near‐real‐time agricultural drought monitoring over Contiguous U.S

This study presents a process-centric hybrid energy management framework tailored for large-scale smart mining operations. The framework addresses three major challenges: (i) multi-source uncertainty propagation, (ii) cross-process energy coupling, and (iii) time-varying, safety-critical operational constraints. The energy scheduling problem is formulated as a process-constrained, multi-period optimization under uncertainty, explicitly modeling the spatio-temporal correlations among renewable power generation, ventilation loads, dewatering demands, and blasting energy requirements. To tackle high-dimensional uncertainties with non-Gaussian distributions, a Wasserstein metric-based distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model is constructed. The ambiguity set is dynamically refined through adaptive scenario generation and clustering, capturing worst-case energy supply-demand mismatches. The objective function jointly minimizes total energy cost, carbon emissions, and process-specific operational risks, subject to nonlinear thermodynamic process constraints, piecewise convex ventilation characteristics, and interdependent hydraulic-ventilation-thermal (HVT) processes. Mining safety regulations are integrated via chance constraints, embedding safety-critical margins related to pressure, airflow, and gas concentration. To alleviate the computational burden caused by nested risk formulations, a Primal-Dual Reformulated Distributionally Robust Process Scheduling (PDR-DRPS) algorithm is proposed. This method recursively updates process-coupled dual variables, enabling fast convergence within joint physical-energy feasible subspaces. The proposed framework is validated using a synthetic open-pit mining benchmark incorporating real-world meteorological data, empirical process dynamics, and regulatory thresholds. Numerical results indicate a 25.4% reduction in operational costs, a 31.2% cut in carbon emissions, and consistent adherence to safety constraints within a 3% tolerance under all uncertainty scenarios. Sensitivity analysis further highlights that process inertia and time delays significantly amplify uncertainty propagation, underscoring the necessity of process-aware robust energy scheduling in safety-critical industrial systems. The framework offers a generalizable paradigm applicable to smart mining, tunnel construction, and underground industrial infrastructures.

This paper analyses some possible means by which renewable power could be integrated into the steel manufacturing process, with techniques such as blast furnace gas recirculation (BF-GR), furnaces that utilize carbon capture, a higher share of electrical arc furnaces (EAFs) and the use of direct reduced iron with hydrogen as reduction agent (H-DR). It is demonstrated that these processes could lead to less dependence on—and ultimately complete independence from—coal. This opens the possibility of providing the steel industry with power and heat by coupling to renewable power generation (sector coupling). In this context, it is shown using the example of Germany that with these technologies, reductions of 47–95% of CO2 emissions against 1990 levels and 27–95% of primary energy demand against 2008 can be achieved through the integration of 12–274 TWh of renewable electrical power into the steel industry. Thereby, a substantial contribution to reducing CO2 emissions and fuel demand could be made (although it would fall short of realizing the German government’s target of a 50% reduction in power consumption by 2050).

The Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern is a major low‐frequency variability in boreal winter. A recent modeling study suggested that PNA variability increases through extratropical atmosphere‐ocean coupling, but the effect was not fully extracted due to a particular experimental design. By comparing coupled and two sets of uncoupled large‐ensemble global model simulations, here we show that the PNA‐induced horseshoe‐shaped sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the North Pacific returns a non‐negligible influence on the PNA itself. Its magnitude depends on the presence or absence of atmosphere‐ocean coupling. The coupling accounts for ∼16% of the PNA variance, while the horseshoe‐shaped SST anomaly explains only 5% under the uncoupled condition. The coupling reduces the damping of available potential energy by modulating turbulent heat fluxes and precipitation, magnifying the PNA variance. Precipitation processes in the extratropics as well as tropics are therefore important for realistically representing PNA variability and thereby regional weather and climate. Plain Language Summary Atmospheric flow is not entirely random; patterns of circulation variability appear recurrently in the same regions, known as teleconnection patterns. A major wintertime teleconnection pattern over the North Pacific‐North American sector is called the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern. It causes strong fluctuations in precipitation, air temperature, and pressure over North America through persistent strengthening or meandering of the jet stream. While the influence of tropical ocean variability, such as El Niño/La Niña, on the formation and persistence of the PNA has been known, the role of the extratropical ocean remains unclear. Here we perform a vast number of numerical model simulations to detect the influence of the extratropical ocean on PNA. We show that the atmosphere‐ocean coupling (two‐way interaction between the ocean and atmosphere) enhances the PNA variability (i.e., the magnitude of meandering and strengthening of the westerlies) compared to the uncoupled condition. Furthermore, we propose possible mechanisms behind this enhancement. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to improving the accuracy of long‐term forecasts, such as one‐month predictions, and reducing uncertainty in future climate change projections through the improvement of numerical models. Key Points Extratropical air‐sea coupling enhances the variance of the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern, which explains 16% of the total variance The enhancement is due to the reduced damping of available potential energy through modulations of turbulent heat fluxes and precipitation Atmosphere‐only simulation is likely to underestimate the impact of extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies on the PNA variability

This paper presents an analysis of energy use and sector coupling in a local energy community using a model based on energy cost centres (ECCs), functional units for decentralised responsibility and optimisation of energy use within defined system boundaries. The ECC model enables structured identification and optimisation of energy and material flows in complex industrial and urban settings. It was applied to a case study involving an energy-intensive steel plant and its integration with the surrounding community. The study assessed the potential for renewable electricity production (7914 MWh annually), green hydrogen generation, battery storage, and the reuse of 11,440 MWh of excess heat. These measures could offset 9598 MWh of grid electricity through local production and savings, reduce natural gas use by 4,116,850 Nm3, and lower CO2 emissions by 10,984 tonnes per year. The model supports strategic planning by linking sectoral actions to measurable sustainability indicators. It is adaptable to data availability and stakeholder engagement, allowing both high-level overviews and detailed analysis of selected ECCs. Limitations include heterogeneous data sources, uneven stakeholder participation, and the need for refinement of sub-models. Nonetheless, the approach offers a replicable framework for integrated energy planning and supports the transition to sustainable, decentralised energy systems.

The usage of renewable energy sources (RESs) to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goals requires a holistic transformation across all sectors. Due to the fluctuating nature of RESs, it is necessary to install more wind and photovoltaics (PVs) generation in terms of nominal power than would otherwise be required in order to ensure that the power demand can always be met. In a near fully RES-based energy system, there will be times when there is an inadequate conventional load to meet the overcapacity of RESs, which will lead to demand regularly being exceeded and thereby a surplus. One approach to making productive use of this surplus, which would lead to a holistic transformation of all sectors, is “sector coupling” (SC). This paper describes the general principles behind this concept and develops a working definition intended to be of utility to the international scientific community. Furthermore, a literature review provides an overview of relevant scientific papers on the topic. Due to the challenge of distinguishing between papers with or without SC, the approach adopted here takes the German context as a case study that can be applied to future reviews with an international focus. Finally, to evaluate the potential of SC, an analysis of the linking of the power and transport sectors on a worldwide, EU and German level has been conducted and is outlined here.

The fundamental understanding of molecular quantum electrodynamics via the strong light–matter interactions between a nanophotonic cavity and quantum emitters opens various applications in quantum biology, biophysics, and chemistry. However, considerable obstacles to obtaining a clear understanding of coupling mechanisms via reliable experimental quantifications remain to be resolved before this field can truly blossom toward practical applications in quantitative life science and photochemistry. Here, we provide recent advancements of state-of-the-art demonstrations in plexcitonic and vibro-polaritonic strong couplings and their applications. We highlight recent studies on various strong coupling systems for altering chemical reaction landscapes. Then, we discuss reports dedicated to the utilization of strong coupling methods for biomolecular sensing, protein functioning studies, and the generation of hybrid light–matter states inside living cells. The strong coupling regime provides a tool for investigating and altering coherent quantum processes in natural biological processes. We also provide an overview of new findings and future avenues of quantum biology and biochemistry.