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A considerable agreement exists about the importance of promoting entrepreneurship to stimulate economic development and employment generation. In particular, entrepreneurship education has been considered one of the key instruments to increase the entrepreneurial attitudes of both potential and nascent entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, the factors that determine the individual’s decision to start a venture are still not completely clear. Cognitive approaches have attracted considerable interest recently. But the explaining capacity of personality traits or demographic characteristics is still considered. Therefore, there is a need to clarify which elements play the most influential role in shaping the personal decision to start a firm. This paper tries to contribute to filling this gap by providing empiricallybased suggestions for the design of improved entrepreneurship education initiatives. The empirical analysis is based on two essential elements: firstly, an already validated instrument (EIQ); secondly, a statistical method (factor-regression procedure) which is not dependent on any theoretical approach. It uses all the information collected through the questionnaire items, selecting them solely based on their capacity to explain the dependent variable. Results will allow the design of more effective education initiatives. They suggest that personal attitude and perceived behavioural control are the most relevant factors explaining entrepreneurial intentions. Thus, based on these results, a number of considerations about the most effective role of education in promoting and developing attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship are considered. Besides, the EIQ could be used as an evaluation instrument for entrepreneurial education programmes.

PurposeEntrepreneurial intention plays a major role in entrepreneurship academia and practice. However, little is known about the intentions of entrepreneurs in the social area of venture creation. This paper aims to formulate a well-organized model of social entrepreneurial intention.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on intention models in entrepreneurship literature in general and social entrepreneurship in particular to identify gaps. Based on these findings, a new conceptual model is formulated.FindingsThere is no research to be found which uses the social cognitive career theory (SCCT) to explain about an individual’s intention to become a social entrepreneur, although this theory is recently suggested as an inclusive framework for entrepreneurial intention (Doan Winkel et al., 2011). It is also supportive by the empirical research of Segal et al. (2002). Therefore, a conceptual model of entrepreneurial intention in the field of social entrepreneurship is formulated based on adapting and extending the SCCT.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by providing new insights about social entrepreneurial intention. The result has important implications for theory and practice. In theory, it is the first model offering the SCCT as the background of formation for social entrepreneurial intention, with a distinct perspective of social entrepreneurship as a career. It raises a future direction for researchers to test this model. In practice, this framework provides a broad view of factors that could contribute to the success of the would-be a social entrepreneur.

Področje podjetniškega izobraževanja se hitro razvija in lahko pozitivno vpliva na poslovno izobraževanje, inovacije in gospodarstva. Namen našega prispevka je analizirati podjetniško namero skupine visokošolskih študentov, podatki pa vključujejo 29 intervjujev, ki so bili opravljeni s študenti portugalskih visokošolskih ustanov. Dobljeni rezultati so potrdili nekatere vidike, opisane v literaturi, čeprav je bilo ugotovljenih tudi nekaj odstopanj. Prav tako je bilo mogoče pojasniti nekatere teorije, povezane z ovirami za podjetništvo. Glavne omejitve so povezane z velikostjo vzorca, kar odpira prostor za prihodnje raziskave z večjimi vzorci. Najpomembnejše implikacije so povezane z ugotovljeno potrebo po zelo specifičnih temah na področju podjetniškega izobraževanja. Ključni doprinos članka se kaže tudi v kvalitativnem raziskovalnem pristopu.

The present study aimed to examine the combined effects of artificial intelligence and digital literacy on the entrepreneurial intention of graduate students at Urmia University, and to analyze the mediating role of entrepreneurial self efficacy and the moderating role of perceived social support. The research aim is applied in purpose and employs a descriptive correlational design based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised 901 postgraduate students from the Faculties of Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering at Urmia University, of whom 300 were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using established questionnaires whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The analyses were conducted with SPSS and AMOS version 26 using SEM techniques. The findings indicate that both artificial intelligence and digital literacy exert a positive and significant influence on students’ entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, entrepreneurial self efficacy serves as a significant mediator in these relationships. Additionally, perceived social support moderates the association between digital literacy and entrepreneurial self efficacy, strengthening this link, whereas its moderating effect on the relationship between artificial intelligence and entrepreneurial self efficacy was not significant. The results underscore the importance of enhancing digital competencies and fostering entrepreneurial self efficacy within university curricula to promote the development of entrepreneurial intention among students.

The development of entrepreneurial activities helps in realization of multiple goals of sustainable development. This study aims to inspect the applicability of the entrepreneurial intention model (EIM) to explain entrepreneurial intention in different cultural contexts. A survey was conducted using the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire. Based on 535 valid responses received from business students in India (N = 285) and Saudi Arabia (N = 250), the model was analyzed using the partial least square regression method. The results show that the EIM is validated for the combined sample (R2combined = 0.522) as well as for the individual samples (R2India = 0.644; R2Saudi = 0.412). Demographic variables and human capital variables were found to impact the entrepreneurial intention differently in the combined sample and the individual samples of the two countries. Multigroup analysis was performed to test if the country variable influences the hypothesized paths in the model. The results of the multigroup analysis show that many of the hypothesized relationships (gender-personal attitude; gender-subjective norm; gender-perceived behavioral control, role model-subjective norm, role model-perceived behavioral control, subjective norm-personal attitude, and subjective norm-entrepreneurial intention) are significantly different in the two countries. This study addresses the gap in comparative international entrepreneurship (CIE) research by testing the applicability of EIM in two different cultures. The findings are also significant for policymakers at both national and international levels for facilitating entrepreneurship.

This study examines the serial mediation effect of perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial attitude (EA) on the relationship between subjective norms (SBN) and entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) of students in higher education institutes in India. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), data were gathered using a structured questionnaire distributed to 134 students from institutes offering entrepreneurship education, employing a cross-sectional research design. The structural equation modeling method, specifically partial least squares (PLS), was employed for data analysis and path modeling. The findings indicate that perceived behavioral control and EA serially mediate the connection between SBN and EIs. Entrepreneurial education (EE) moderated the serial mediation effect among SBN, EA, perceived behavioral control and EA. This study underscores the significance of EE in the experiential learning process of students, aiding them in cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset. The insights from this research will guide policymakers, higher education institutes and universities in refining the education content and curriculum design. A comprehensive curriculum will be advantageous for prospective entrepreneurs who will participate in future entrepreneurship education. Recognizing the role of knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship education can bolster EIs, subsequently benefiting emerging economies and fostering economic growth through new venture creations.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to involve the differences in the entrepreneurial intentions of student at higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Portuguese regions (mainland and insular). Design/methodology/approach Applying a sample of 594 valid responses, the authors analyzed the data according to linear regression models. Findings The results convey how HEI students generally do not intend to become entrepreneurs in both the mainland and the insular regions. Although HEI students broadly do not aim to launch their own businesses, the results show that students in mainland regions feel they have the skills to start a business and drive it to success. In insular regions, students feel encouraged by their friends and family to set up their own business. When comparing insular and mainland regions, the results demonstrate how in insular regions, there is a greater probability that HEI students become entrepreneurs than in the mainland regions. Furthermore, entrepreneurial intentions in the mainland regions develop in terms of “opportunities” while driven by necessity in the insular regions. Practical implications This furthermore makes recommendations to regional governments and to HEIs in order to enable better encouragement of entrepreneurship in academia. Originality/value This study is original and innovative due to its comparison of the entrepreneurial intentions prevailing in mainland and insular regions and may propose new highlights to the academic scientific literature.

Despite the importance of imagination to entrepreneurship, it is underexplored by researchers in the field. Imaginativeness is a cognitive ability that coalesces the capacity for  imagination with the knowledge required to rationally conjure up a variety of task-related scenarios. It is especially helpful for those who lack prior experience and therefore can be beneficial for recent graduates and anyone who wants to launch their own business. In our study, we examine whether imaginativeness, in its three forms, can influence engineering students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Our study recorded 216 responses  to prove the hypotheses employing partial least squares path modeling using SmartPLS3, and we inferred that creative imaginativeness, social imaginativeness, and practical imaginativeness are positively related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy thereby strengthening entrepreneurial intention. The study provides distinctive insights into the study of imagination in the formation of entrepreneurial intention among engineering students in a developing economy, where studies are few.

Our study aims to explore the influences of trait competitiveness and entrepreneurial alertness on the cognitive process of entrepreneurship in the cross-cultural context of Vietnam and Poland, two emerging nations with different levels of economic and social development. To achieve this research goal, two student questionnaire surveys were carried out at universities and institutes in Vietnam and Poland. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with a bootstrapping approach was utilised to test the proposed hypotheses and conceptual model. Eight hypotheses were statistically supported by the Vietnamese dataset, confirming the significant and positive effects of both trait competitiveness and entrepreneurial alertness on the cognition process of entrepreneurship. However, for the Polish data, trait competitiveness was not found to be associated with an entrepreneurial attitude, perceived behaviour control, or entrepreneurial intention, while entrepreneurial alertness was positively related to perceived behavioural control. Our study has significantly contributed to the entrepreneurship literature by increasing the knowledge about the central role of trait competitiveness and entrepreneurial alertness on the cognitive process of business ventures in two emerging countries, where to the best of our knowledge, few studies related to our topic have been researched. Moreover, practical contributions are also offered for educational institutions and practitioners to stimulate university students’ business venturing activities.

Purpose To overcome economic hardship and survival, informal entrepreneurs must continually activate specific resilience capabilities and reassess their entrepreneurial intentions (EI). Accordingly, they may develop transformational characteristics to design a model supporting intersectorial business growth. This study aims to examine the EI ecosystem of change resulting from the above endeavors and proposes an entrepreneurial intention transformation model (EITM). Design/methodology/approach Using the EI questionnaire developed by Liñán and Chen, data was collected from street vendors in the main markets of the Cameroonian capital (N = 307) to capture the determinants of behavior reflecting the propensity to activate entrepreneurial events within informal ventures. Findings It was uncovered that perceived collective support, resilience, orientation capability and inferred policies influence the dynamics of EI in the informal sector. Additionally, while revisiting current entrepreneurial lifecycle models, the study distinguished between the entrepreneurial events of “renegare” and formalization. Furthermore, the construction of an informal entrepreneurial lifecycle model confirms the need to acknowledge the formalization and “deformalization” processes as integrative parts of an intersectorial entrepreneurial lifecycle model. Originality/value This study extends existing research by proposing an intersectorial entrepreneurial lifecycle to recognize the dynamics of EI on ventures’ formalization. The EITM encompasses the EI dynamic process model and the proposed entrepreneurial lifecycle.