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Southern Plains archaeologists have for years reported piecemeal data suggesting that ancestors of the Wichita Indians periodically built fortifications. Since 2003, we have conducted archaeological and geophysical investigations at multiple Late Prehistoric and European contact era fortified Wichita sites occupied between about a.d. 1500 and a.d. 1811. We seek to better understand the areal extent, timing, and structural changes associated with facilities that appear to have functioned as redoubts (Drass, Perkins, and Vehik 2018). In this article, we focus on how the Wichita constructed and secured fortification entryways. Given the inherent vulnerability of entryways, architects across the globe have designed a variety of defensive configurations to confound attackers. For the Wichita, the introduction of horses and guns beginning in the 1600s magnified these challenges. Our findings indicate that baffled gates, often paired with fenced extended entryways, facilitated quick entry by defenders and dependents while serving as impediments to hostile intruders.

A thermostable alanine racemase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. The full-length gene MBalr2 (1164 bp) encodes 388 amino acid residues including 6 out of 8 highly conserved amino acid residues at the entryway to the active site of alanine racemase. Recombinant MBAlr2 and three mutants (S171A, H359Y and double mutation S171A/H359Y) of MBAlr2 were purified by His 6 -tag affinity column and gel filtration chromatography. The purified protein MBAlr2 was a dimeric PLP-dependent enzyme with broad substrate specificity. The optimal racemization temperature and pH were 70–75 °C and 11.0, respectively. The kinetic parameters K m and V max of MBAlr2 at 70 °C, determined by HPLC, were 20.16 mM and 1414 μmol min −1 for l -alanine, and 9.95 mM and 702.6 μmol min −1 for d -alanine, respectively. Enzymatic assays showed that the activity of both mutants (S171A and H359Y) was lost, but the activity of mutant S171A/H359Y was recovered to 69.8 % of wild type, which suggested that residues Ser171 and His359 might be the important residues for catalytic mechanisms of MBAlr2.

Retaining gob-side entryways and the stability of gas drainage boreholes are two essential techniques in the co-extraction of coal and gas without entry pillars （CECGWEP）. However, retained entryways located in deep coal mines are hard to maintain, especially for constructing boreholes in confined spaces, owing to major deformations. Consequently, it is difficult to drill boreholes and maintain their stability, which therefore cannot guarantee the effectiveness of gas drainage. This paper presents three measures for conducting CECGWEP in deep mines on the basis of effective space in retained entryways for gas drainage, They are combinations of retaining roadways and face-lagging inclined boreholes, retaining roadways and face-advancing inclined boreholes, and retaining roadways and high return airway inclined boreholes. Several essential techniques are suggested to improve the maintenance of retained entryways and the stabilization of boreholes. For the particular cases considered in this study, two field trials have verified the latter two measures from the results obtained from the faces 1111（1） and 11112（1） in the Zhuji Mine. The results indicate that these models can effectively solve the problems in deep mines. The maximum gas drainage flow for a single hole can reach 8.1 m^3/min and the effective drainage distance can be extended up to 150 m or more.

Variations in entryways to museums send powerful signals to the public, from the intimidating elitism of classical facades and imposing staircases to the open, glass-fronted expanse of many recent museum designs. This paper will focus on the rhetorical strategies of innovative new museum architecture in relation to the question of public access, both physical and psychological, to the collection inside. The complex sculptural designs of some of the most experimental museums, such as Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim in Bilbao, run counter to the compelling quality of more simple, direct entrances, and in those cases museum designers and administrators use alternative strategies to indicate the route of primary access. Outdoor sculpture, strategically-placed color, and alternative materials can serve to highlight the inclusive nature of these more visually complex museum buildings. Similarly, the primary entry spaces inside a museum can send comparable signals of welcome, order, and inclusion, although instead they are often distracting and alienating. A study of recent museum entryway designs reveals the power of architecture to foster or inhibit the public’s sense of access to the collection.

Fitis a book about architecture and society that seeks to fundamentally change how architects and the public think about the task of design. Distinguished architect and urbanist Robert Geddes argues that buildings, landscapes, and cities should be designed to fit: fit the purpose, fit the place, fit future possibilities. Fit replaces old paradigms, such as form follows function, and less is more, by recognizing that the relationship between architecture and society is a true dialogue--dynamic, complex, and, if carried out with knowledge and skill, richly rewarding. With a tip of the hat to John Dewey,Fitexplores architecture as we experience it. Geddes starts with questions: Why do we design where we live and work? Why do we not just live in nature, or in chaos? Why does society care about architecture? Why does it really matter?Fitanswers these questions through a fresh examination of the basic purposes and elements of architecture--beginning in nature, combining function and expression, and leaving a legacy of form. Lively, charming, and gently persuasive, the book shows brilliant examples of fit: from Thomas Jefferson's University of Virginia and Louis Kahn's Exeter Library to contemporary triumphs such as the Apple Store on New York's Fifth Avenue, Chicago's Millennium Park, and Seattle's Pike Place. Fitis a book for everyone, because we all live in constructions--buildings, landscapes, and, increasingly, cities. It provokes architects and planners, humanists and scientists, civic leaders and citizens to reconsider what is at stake in architecture--and why it delights us.

Cesare Beccaria is often cited as the forebear of modern criminology, who advocated for a rationalized criminal justice system. As is well known, responding to tyrannical, inconsistent, vengeful, and arbitrary punishments for criminal behavior during his time, Beccaria introduced utilitarian and contractarian principles into his call for legal reform. This chapter will argue that on top of these important contributions, Beccaria sought to change the procedures, techniques, and rationalities that channeled people into criminal justice arenas. That is, this chapter argues that Beccaria was also interested in transforming how the criminal justice system defined and selected criminal subjects. By so interpreting Beccaria, it explores his rational approach to criminal entryways as indicative of modern sovereignty politics.