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Thirty years of Learning Environments : looking back and looking forward
This volume is a commemorative book celebrating the 30th Anniversary of the Special Interest Group (SIG) on Learning Environments of the American Educational Researchers' Association. It includes a historical perspective starting with the formation of the SIG in 1984 and the first program space at the AERA annual meeting in 1985 in Chicago. This retrospective notes other landmarks in the development of the SIG such as the creation of the international journal Learning Environments Research. The study of learning environments was first conceptualized around the need to develop perceptual and psychosocial measures for describing students' individual or shared educational experiences (e.g. 'feel of the class' or 'classroom climate'). Over the ensuing decades, the field expanded considerably from its early roots in science education to describe other phenomenon such as teacher-student interpersonal relationships, or applications in pre-service teacher education and action research. The book also describes several new areas of promise for the expanding field of learning environments research that in the future will include more diverse contexts and applications. These will include new contexts but established research programs in areas such as information and communications technology and environmental education, but also in emerging research contexts such as the physical classroom environment and links among learning environment contexts and students' emotional health and well-being.-- Source other than the Library of Congress.
Book
Test No. 444A: In Vitro Immunotoxicity
This Test Guideline (TG) describes the IL-2 Luc and IL-2 Luc Leukocyte Toxicity Test (LTT)Assays to evaluate the potential immunotoxic effects of chemicals on T lymphoblastic cell line. This cell line allows quantitative measurement of luciferase gene induction by detecting luminescence from well-established light producing luciferase substrates as indicators of the activity of IL-2, IFN-γ and GAPDH in cells following exposure to immunotoxic chemicals. The method is intended to be used as a part of a battery to determine immunotoxic potential of chemicals.
eBook
FLUXNET-CH₄ SYNTHESIS ACTIVITY
This paper describes the formation of, and initial results for, a new FLUXNET coordination network for ecosystem-scale methane (CH₄) measurements at 60 sites globally, organized by the Global Carbon Project in partnership with other initiatives and regional flux tower networks. The objectives of the effort are presented along with an overview of the coverage of eddy covariance (EC) CH₄ flux measurements globally, initial results comparing CH₄ fluxes across the sites, and future research directions and needs. Annual estimates of net CH₄ fluxes across sites ranged from −0.2 ± 0.02 g C m−2 yr−1 for an upland forest site to 114.9 ± 13.4 g C m−2 yr−1 for an estuarine freshwater marsh, with fluxes exceeding 40 g C m−2 yr−1 at multiple sites. Average annual soil and air temperatures were found to be the strongest predictor of annual CH₄ flux across wetland sites globally. Water table position was positively correlated with annual CH₄ emissions, although only for wetland sites that were not consistently inundated throughout the year. The ratio of annual CH₄ fluxes to ecosystem respiration increased significantly with mean site temperature. Uncertainties in annual CH₄ estimates due to gap-filling and random errors were on average ±1.6 g C m−2 yr−1 at 95% confidence, with the relative error decreasing exponentially with increasing flux magnitude across sites. Through the analysis and synthesis of a growing EC CH₄ flux database, the controls on ecosystem CH₄ fluxes can be better understood, used to inform and validate Earth system models, and reconcile differences between land surface model- and atmospheric-based estimates of CH₄ emissions.
Journal Article
