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In this study, we propose average environmental efficiency , a more comprehensive, fair, comparable, and robust environmental efficiency measurement considering all projection directions to the efficient frontier, and then it is used to evaluate the environmental efficiency of Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2017. Furthermore, we investigate the most influential factors of regional environmental efficiency via a feasible generalized least squares regression approach. The empirical results show that only nine Chinese provinces have average environmental efficiency greater than the national average, implying that two-thirds of the provinces still have much room for improvement. Additionally, environmental efficiency disparities exist between provinces and between four larger geographical areas. The east area achieved the best environmental efficiency over the studied period, better than the whole country, followed in order by the west area, central area, and northeast area. Moreover, we find that the energy consumption structure, government intervention, and economic openness significantly and negatively influence regional environmental efficiency. Finally, we provide policy implications in terms of energy consumption structure optimization, government supervision, and foreign investment introduction while considering the local conditions in different provinces.

IntroductionThe scientific measurement of urban atmospheric environmental efficiency is a vital prerequisite for achieving air pollution control and regional green high-quality development.MethodsBased on the data of 11 cities in Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2022, this study calculates the synergistic governance environmental efficiency (SGEE) of PM2.5 and O3 from both static and dynamic perspectives. Furthermore, a quantile regression model (QRM) is employed to reveal the impact mechanisms of educational investment and technological innovation on the efficiency.ResultsThe results show that: (1) there are significant spatio-temporal variations in the concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 among the 11 cities. The effectiveness of coordinated governance is not significant. (2) The average value of SGEE of PM2.5 and O3 in Zhejiang Province is 0.533. Technological advancement is the primary driving force behind the improvement of the SGEE of PM2.5 and O3. (3) The results of QRM indicate that educational investment primarily improves the SGEE of PM2.5 and O3 at lowefficiency stages, while it exerts a certain resource “Crowding-out effect” at highefficiency stages.In contrast, the rise in the level of technological innovation and the transformation and adjustment of industrial structure can effectively promote the improvement of the SGEE of PM2.5 and O3.DiscussionIn the future, it need strengthen the role of technological innovation in improving the SGEE of PM2.5 and O3.

The purpose of the paper is to estimate the environmental efficiency of the Vietnamese textile and garment industry and evaluate the impact of the factors on environmental efficiency. The study uses firm-level panel data from the Vietnam annual enterprise survey data for the 2012–2018 period in the Vietnam textile and garment industry to evaluate the environmental efficiency by using the Super-SBM DEA model with undesirable output and applies the Tobit regression model to measure the impact of the factors on the environmental efficiency. This study evaluates environmental efficiency and assesses the impact of some core factors, including the origin of imported machinery and equipment, the origin of imported materials, the management of industrial zones, and the presence of FDI firms, on environmental efficiency at the firm level. The results indicate that the average score for environmental efficiency is 0.233. Some factors, such as income per employee, machined goods imported from developed countries, industrial zones, firm improvement processes, and the presence of FDI, have a positive impact on a firm’s environmental efficiency, whereas materials made in Vietnam have a negative impact.

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

Green innovation plays an important role in coordinating the relationship between ecological environment and economic development and has become a new driving force for the development of a resource-saving and environment-friendly economy. To explore the effects and logic of innovation efficiency and environmental protection, using the inter-provincial (city) panel data of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2007 to 2017 in China, the green innovation efficiency and environmental protection level of the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt were analyzed. Results show that the overall environmental protection level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is on the rise. From a regional perspective, the environmental protection level in the upper reaches is the highest, which is greater than the overall level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, followed by the lower and middle reaches, which are less than the overall level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The efficiency of green innovation has promoted the overall environmental protection level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, inhibited the environmental protection level in the downstream areas, promoted the environmental protection level in the upstream areas, and has no obvious impact on the environmental protection level in the middle reaches. Further mechanism analysis shows that the possible transmission path of green innovation efficiency to environmental protection is as follows: green innovation efficiency promotes the environmental protection level by improving the ecological environmental efficiency. The robustness of the above conclusion is tested, and it has good robustness. The research conclusions of this study provide reliable empirical evidence and policy enlightenment for the development and optimization of green innovation efficiency and the realization of green innovation efficiency driving environmental protection.

The purpose of the study is to test the role of green bond financing on energy efficiency investment and economic growth. To achieve the study objective, fuzzy decision-making modeling technique is applied. The results revealed that bank loans are now the main source of financing for energy efficiency projects. Project-based financing might be replaced with Energy Performance Contracts (EPC) warranting energy efficiency investment. Moreover, green banks invest both public and private funds in energy efficiency promoting economic growth. The usage of green bonds for financing environmentally beneficial projects or companies is limitless. Providing for screening energy efficiency investment proposals with small payback hurdle rates might have large opportunity costs. Green bonds can be used to remove the financing barriers for green finance and sustainability tool. On this, study provides policy implications to key stakeholders; if suggested policy suggestions implemented successfully, these would help to enhance scope of green bond financing to uplift energy efficiency financing and green growth successfully.

Purpose: Among the methods of comprehensive analysis for a product or an enterprise, there exist defects and deficiencies in traditional standard cost analyses and life cycle assessment methods. For example, some methods only emphasize one dimension (such as economic or environmental factors) while neglecting other relevant dimensions. This paper builds a factor analysis model of resource value flow, based on full life cycle assessment and eco-design theory, in order to expose the relevant internal logic between these two factors. Design/methodology/approach: The model considers the efficient multiplication of resources, economic efficiency, and environmental efficiency as its core objectives. The model studies the status of resource value flow during the entire life cycle of a product, and gives an in-depth analysis on the mutual logical relationship of product performance, value, resource consumption, and environmental load to reveal the symptoms and potentials in different dimensions. Findings: This paper illustrates logical relationships among resource efficiency, economic efficiency and environmental efficiency, builds a fully comprehensive evaluation analysis model to trace, evaluate and analyze the status of the material and value flow of the product life cycle process. Originality/value: This provides comprehensive, accurate and timely decision-making information for enterprise managers regarding product eco-design, as well as production and management activities. To conclude, it verifies the availability of this evaluation and analysis model using a Chinese SUV manufacturer as an example.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in measuring the environmental efficiency of the different territories, countries, and/or nations. This has led to the development of different methods applied to the evaluation of environmental efficiency such as the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. This method, supported by different studies, allows measuring relative environmental efficiency (eco-efficiency) and is consolidated as a very reliable method to measure the effectiveness of environmental policies in a specific geographical area. The objective of our study is the calculation of the environmental efficiency of the 28 member countries of the European Union (UE) through the DEA method. We will collect the data regarding the last years in which there are reliable comparative data in all. We will study in reference to them, the results of the environmental policies applied in the different countries, in order to make comparisons between countries and classify them according to their environmental efficiency. Using this, two variants of calculation within the DEA method to compare in a contrasted way the results of environmental efficiency for the 28 countries of the EU analyzed and propose possible solutions for improvement. Contributing in this work as main novelty the application of a new variant of the DEA method, which we will call improved analysis method (MAN) and that aims to agglutinate and assess more objectively, the results of the two DEA methods applied. The results show that there are 14 of the 28 countries that have a high relative environmental efficiency. However, we also find countries with very low environmental efficiency that should improve in the coming years. Coinciding precisely in this last group with countries recently admitted to the EU and where environmental policies have not yet been applied effectively and with positive results.

This study analyzes the impact of international trade on environmental efficiency. Using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model that allows us to treat undesirable outputs and super-efficiency beyond unity, we measure the environmental efficiency of four typical air pollutants-SO 2 , NOx, particulate matter 10 um or less in diameter, and CO 2 -for 98 countries for the period 1970 - 2008. The resulting environmental efficiency is regressed on income, capital-labor ratio, and trade openness. The panel regression results reveal that trade openness is positively correlated to the environmental efficiency. However, the impact of trade openness on environmental efficiency varies across countries depending on their relative per capita income. The estimated results show that the higher the relative income per capita, the more the benefit of trade on the environmental efficiency.

This study mainly investigates 14 Asia Pacific economies’ environmental efficiency. Departing from previous studies ignoring environmental technology heterogeneity, we evaluate environmental efficiency through metafrontier super epsilon based model (EBM). We compare environmental efficiency convergence across different regions via unit root test and truncated regressions. We analyze how trade competitiveness impact environmental efficiency. We also explore effect of green technology and human capital on environmental efficiency from the perspective of endogenous growth. Our findings indicate that stochastic and absolute β-convergence tendencies were confirmed. Human capital can enhance environmental efficiency convergence. Trade competitiveness showed a mixed impact on environmental efficiency convergence, confirming scale, composition and technical effects. It is better to enhance human capital, strengthening environmental regulations under international competition as well as relentlessly pursuing green industrialization across Asia Pacific countries.