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This book presents scientific evidence about epilepsy along with straightforward guidance and recommendations. Responses to frequently asked questions and clarification of uncertainties are provided to empower patients to optimize their medical, psychological and social care. This book helps mediate between patients and health care professionals and can assist both sides to understand the condition of epilepsy at all levels. The information provided in the book empowers patients to share decision making with their carers and clinicians and enables them to make informed decisions, by taking into account the best scientific evidence, as well as the patients' values and preferences. The Epilepsy Book: A Companion for Patients is ideal for patients with epilepsy and their carers, and will also be of interest to health care professionals, medical students and teachers. Thalia Valeta's approach to epilepsy facilitates deeper understanding of the unmet needs and expectations of patients.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282658.].

An updated overview of epilepsy that specifically addresses how this condition can affect teens. Epilepsy: The Ultimate Teen Guide, Second Edition gives positive, factual information and explains how young people can take control of their situations by understanding, managing, treating, and living normal lives with epilepsy. This edition includes updated chapters, resource lists, and statistics.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, yet its pathophysiology is poorly understood due to the high complexity of affected neuronal circuits. To identify dysfunctional neuronal subtypes underlying seizure activity in the human brain, we have performed single-nucleus transcriptomics analysis of >110,000 neuronal transcriptomes derived from temporal cortex samples of multiple temporal lobe epilepsy and non-epileptic subjects. We found that the largest transcriptomic changes occur in distinct neuronal subtypes from several families of principal neurons (L5-6_Fezf2 and L2-3_Cux2) and GABAergic interneurons (Sst and Pvalb), whereas other subtypes in the same families were less affected. Furthermore, the subtypes with the largest epilepsy-related transcriptomic changes may belong to the same circuit, since we observed coordinated transcriptomic shifts across these subtypes. Glutamate signaling exhibited one of the strongest dysregulations in epilepsy, highlighted by layer-wise transcriptional changes in multiple glutamate receptor genes and strong upregulation of genes coding for AMPA receptor auxiliary subunits. Overall, our data reveal a neuronal subtype-specific molecular phenotype of epilepsy. The pathophysiology of epilepsy is unclear. Here, the authors present single-nuclei transcriptomic profiling of human temporal lobe epilepsy from patients. They identified epilepsy-associated neuronal subtypes, and a panel of dysregulated genes, predicting neuronal circuits contributing to epilepsy.

\"Navigating Life with Epilepsy aims to provide clear and reliable information about epilepsy, including \"what\" (definition), \"how\" (pathophysiology), \"who\" (epidemiology), and \"why\" (etiology). The volume guides the reader through current approaches to diagnosis (including a review of diagnostic tests) and treatment, and shares patient experiences and advice on navigating the myriad psychosocial challenges associated with epilepsy. Epilepsy is a heterogeneous disorder with many causes and a wide spectrum of severity. This text will focus on issues relevant to adolescents and adults with epilepsy; there are many guides for parents of children with epilepsy and issues specific to younger children are beyond the scope of this book. The focus is on translation of current medical knowledge to the lay reader. However, because epilepsy can have profound psychosocial consequences, the book aims to extend beyond the bounds of a medical handbook to include discussion of issues that are of high priority to patients, including those surrounding, driving, work, and relationships\"-- Provided by publisher.

IntroductionThere is no ‘standard’ sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Attention can be focussed on prevention in those thought to be most at risk of SUDEP but every person with epilepsy is at risk. We sought to identify the median profile of the people with a definite SUDEP death.MethodThe voluntary Epilepsy Death Register collects information on the circumstances surrounding the death of a person with epilepsy to identify and improve risk factors that contribute to these deaths. 349 post-mortem confirmed individual entries allowed the production of a profile of the composite, median adult patient at risk of SUDEP.ResultsThe median death would be male (58.5%) aged 19–30 (48.7%) who lives in the family home (73.3%). and currently in work (45.6%). They were diagnosed more than 10 years ago (53.5%), taking antiepileptic medication (90.1%) and under the care of a specialist in epilepsy (76.2%). They were not known to forget medication (56.4%), had not had a recent AED change (58.7%), Their death was unwitnessed (81.0%) and they were found on their back (57.4%). 55.5% of families did not know that epilepsy could kill.DiscussionSUDEP can occur in otherwise well people with epilepsy. SUDEP should be discussed and safety checks embedded for everyone rather than just ‘at risk’ subgroups.

Purpose of ReviewFor millennia, there has been interest in the use of cannabis for the treatment of epilepsy. However, it is only recently that appropriately powered controlled studies have been completed. In this review, we present an update on the research investigating the use of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, in the treatment of epilepsy.Recent FindingsWhile the anticonvulsant mechanism of action of CBD has not been entirely elucidated, we discuss the most recent data available including its low affinity for the endocannabinoid receptors and possible indirect modulation of these receptors via blocking the breakdown of anandamide. Additional targets include activation of the transient receptor potential of vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1), antagonist action at GPR55, targeting of abnormal sodium channels, blocking of T-type calcium channels, modulation of adenosine receptors, modulation of voltage-dependent anion selective channel protein (VDAC1), and modulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha release. We also discuss the most recent studies on various artisanal CBD products conducted in patients with epilepsy in the USA and internationally. While a high percentage of patients in these studies reported improvement in seizures, these studies were either retrospective or conducted via survey. Dosage/preparation of CBD was either unknown or not controlled in the majority of these studies. Finally, we present data from both open-label expanded access programs (EAPs) and randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of a highly purified oral preparation of CBD, which was recently approved by the FDA in the treatment of epilepsy. In the EAPs, there was a significant improvement in seizure frequency seen in a large number of patients with various types of treatment-refractory epilepsy. The RCTs have shown significant seizure reduction compared to placebo in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Finally, we describe the available data on adverse effects and drug-drug interactions with highly purified CBD. While this product is overall well tolerated, the most common side effects are diarrhea and sedation, with sedation being much more common in patients taking concomitant clobazam. There was also an increased incidence of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase elevations while taking CBD, with many of the patients with these abnormalities also taking concomitant valproate. CBD has a clear interaction with clobazam, significantly increasing the levels of its active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam in several studies; this is felt to be due to CBD’s inhibition of CYP2C19. EAP data demonstrate other possible interactions with rufinamide, zonisamide, topiramate, and eslicarbazepine. Additionally, there is one case report demonstrating need for warfarin dose adjustment with concomitant CBD.SummaryUnderstanding of CBD’s efficacy and safety in the treatment of TRE has expanded significantly in the last few years. Future controlled studies of various ratios of CBD and THC are needed as there could be further therapeutic potential of these compounds for patients with epilepsy.