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Moringa oleifera is known to possess wound healing activity. The present study evaluated the healing properties of methanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves in excision wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or P. aeruginosa in diabetic rats. An in vitro study was also carried out to determine the gene expression of VEGF and TGF-β1. Preliminary phytochemical and GC-MS analyses were carried out to determine different chemical constituents present in the extract. M. oleifera was applied locally as an ointment at two different concentrations. Wound contraction, period of epithelization, antioxidant enzyme activities and histological changes were determined. For the gene expression study, HaCaT cell lines were used. The formulation of M. oleifera extract improved wound contraction and decreased the period of epithelization, which was associated with an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, epithelization, capillary density and collagen formation in MRSA-infected diabetic rats. However, this effect was reduced in diabetic animals infected with P. aeruginosa. An increase in the expression of VEGF and TGF-β1 was observed in HaCaT cell lines. M. oleifera extract promotes the healing of infected wounds in MRSA-infected diabetic rats but is less effective in the healing of wounds infected with P. aeruginosa in diabetic rats.

Cutaneous wound healing consists of four stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation/repair, and remodeling. While healthy wounds normally heal in four to six weeks, a variety of underlying medical conditions can impair the progression through the stages of wound healing, resulting in the development of chronic, non-healing wounds. Great progress has been made in developing wound dressings and improving surgical techniques, yet challenges remain in finding effective therapeutics that directly promote healing. This review examines the current understanding of the pro-healing effects of targeted pharmaceuticals, re-purposed drugs, natural products, and cell-based therapies on the various cell types present in normal and chronic wounds. Overall, despite several promising studies, there remains only one therapeutic approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Becaplermin, shown to significantly improve wound closure in the clinic. This highlights the need for new approaches aimed at understanding and targeting the underlying mechanisms impeding wound closure and moving the field from the management of chronic wounds towards resolving wounds.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the prepared ointments from Mentha piperita essential oil ( M. piperita ) on wound healing in the infected mice models. Each circular full-thickness wound was inoculated with 25 × 10 7 units of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria strains. The tissue bacterial count, histological analyses and expression levels of IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-1β, CCL2, CXCL1, VEGF and FGF-2 were assessed to identify the different doses of M. piperita on wound healing. Total tissue bacterial count, edema and inflammation level were declined, but the migration of fibroblasts, collagen synthesis and re-epithelization were increased in treated animals with M. piperita . The expression levels of CCL2, CXCL1, IL-1β, TGF-β1 and IL-10 genes were up-regulated in the M. piperita -treated animals compared to the control group. While the expression of TNF-α, VEGF and FGF-2 was down-regulated in comparison to the control group. This study indicated that M. piperita can be used for treatment of the infected wound.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of infection worldwide. Clove oil’s ability to inhibit the growth of MRSA was studied through in vitro and in vivo studies. The phytochemical components of clove oil were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antibacterial effects of clove oil and its interaction with imipenem were determined by studying MIC, MBC, and FIC indices in vitro. The in vivo wound-healing effect of the clove oil and infection control were determined using excision wound model rats. The GC-MS analysis of clove oil revealed the presence of 16 volatile compounds. Clove oil showed a good antibacterial effect in vitro but no interaction was observed with imipenem. Clove bud oil alone or in combination with imipenem healed wounds faster and reduced the microbial load in wounds. The findings of this study confirmed the antibacterial activity of clove oil in vitro and in vivo and demonstrated its interaction with imipenem.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of AFG and i-PRF on palatal wound healing and postoperative discomfort.Materials and methodsThirty-six patients in need of FGG were divided into three groups. AFG (n = 12) or i-PRF (n = 12) was applied and compared with control group (n = 12). Wound healing with H2O2 test, VAS, MSS, and LTH index were evaluated on the 3rd,7th, and 14th days and 1st month. The bleeding status was evaluated on the 3rd and 7th days. Palatal tissue thickness was measured at baseline, 1st month, and 3rd month.ResultsEpithelialization was higher in the test groups on the 14th day than the control group (p < 0.05). MSS scores at the 14th day and 1st month were lower in the AFG group than the control and the i-PRF group (p < 0.05). In the AFG group, LTH levels at the 3rd,7th, and 14th days and 1 month were higher than control and i-PRF groups (p < 0.05). VAS scores of the AFG group were lower than the control and i-PRF groups at the 7th day (p < 0.05). Bleeding was lower in the test groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in terms of tissue thickness (p > 0.05).ConclusionAFG and i-PRF have positive effects on the healing process by accelerating wound healing and reducing postoperative morbidity. Therewithal, AFG has superior properties in wound healing compared with i-PRF.Clinical relevancePatient discomfort and pain feeling have a great effect on patient’s tendency to surgery and platelet concentrates such as AFG and i-PRF overcome these problems and contribute to patient’s quality of life.

Diabetic foot ulcer is an intractable complication of diabetes, characterized by the disturbed inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing. Sesamol, a phenolic compound, has been known for its powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic and wound healing properties. The aim of the present study was to develop a sesamol nano formulation and to study its effect on the various phases of the wound healing process in diabetic foot condition. Sesamol-PLGA (SM-PLGA) nanosuspension was developed  using nanoprecipitation method. TEM, in vitro drug release assay and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed for the optimised formulation. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in high fat diet (HFD)-fed streptozotocin-induced type-II diabetic animal model was used to assess the SM-PLGA nanosuspension efficacy. SM-PLGA nanosuspension was administered by oral route. TNF-α levels were estimated using ELISA and Western blot analysis was performed to assess the effect on the expression of HSP-27, ERK, PDGF-B and VEGF in wound tissue. Wound re-epithelization, fibroblast migration, collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration were assessed by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Effect on angiogenesis was assessed by CD-31 IHC staining in wound sections. The optimized SM-PLGA nanosuspension had an average particle size of <300 nm, PDI<0.200 with spherical shaped particles. Approximately 80% of the drug was released over a period of 60 h in in vitro assay. Half-life of the formulation was found to be 13.947 ± 0.596 h. SM-PLGA nanosuspension treatment decreased TNF-α levels in wound tissue and accelerated the collagen deposition. Whereas, HSP-27, ERK, PDGF-B and VEGF expression increased and improved new blood vessels' development. Rapid re-epithelization, fibroblast migration, collagen deposition and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration at the wound site were also observed. Results indicate that sesamol-PLGA nanosuspension significantly promotes the acceleration of wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers by restoring the altered wound healing process in diabetic condition.

Surgical treatment of tracheal diseases, trauma, and congenital stenosis has shown success through tracheal reconstruction coupled with palliative care. However, challenges in surgical-based tracheal repairs have prompted the exploration of alternative approaches for tracheal replacement. Tissue-based treatments, involving the cultivation of patient cells on a network of extracellular matrix (ECM) from donor tissue, hold promise for restoring tracheal structure and function without eliciting an immune reaction. In this study, we utilized decellularized canine tracheas as tissue models to develop two types of cell carriers: a decellularized scaffold and a hydrogel. Our hypothesis posits that both carriers, containing essential biochemical niches provided by ECM components, facilitate cell attachment without inducing cytotoxicity. Canine tracheas underwent vacuum-assisted decellularization (VAD), and the ECM-rich hydrogel was prepared through peptic digestion of the decellularized trachea. The decellularized canine trachea exhibited a significant reduction in DNA content and major histocompatibility complex class II, while preserving crucial ECM components such as collagen, glycosaminoglycan, laminin, and fibronectin. Scanning electron microscope and fluorescent microscope images revealed a fibrous ECM network on the luminal side of the cell-free trachea, supporting epithelial cell attachment. Moreover, the ECM-rich hydrogel exhibited excellent viability for human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated for 3 days, indicating the potential of cell-laden hydrogel in promoting the development of cartilage rings of the trachea. This study underscores the versatility of the trachea in producing two distinct cell carriers—decellularized scaffold and hydrogel—both containing the native biochemical niche essential for tracheal tissue engineering applications. Graphical Abstract Canine tracheae were harvested and subjected to decellularization. The resulting decellularized tracheae were used to prepare two different cell-carrier systems: scaffold and hydrogel. The scaffold was utilized for seeding human bronchial airway epithelium cells (HBEpCs) on the luminal surface, while the hydrogel was used for encapsulating hMSCs and seeding human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The extracellular matrix-rich cell scaffolds provided a biological niche for re-epithelial lining. hMSCs and HUVECs showed remarkable viability in and on the hydrogel, respectively. However, the formation of capillary-like structures by HUVECs was not detected.

Wound healing is a delicately regulated pathophysiological process based on molecular, cellular, and tissue interactions. Mast cells (MCs) are involved in the reparative process in all phases of wound healing, which indicates their general significance in reparative processes. The structural and functional changes in the MCs during the healing process correspond to the phase of the wound process and determine its course. In the inflammatory phase, rapid whole-granular degranulation of MCs with the secretion of biologically active proinflammatory substances that have a stimulating effect on inflammatory cells prevailed. In the proliferation phase, the maximum number of MCs per unit area of wound tissue and the maximum degranulation index were noted. In the phase of granulated tissue remodeling, the amount and functional activity of MCs sharply decrease, which contributes to the completion of the healing process with the formation of a fully fledged normotrophic scar. The gradual degranulation of MCs was characteristic of the proliferation and remodeling phases. The treatment of purulent wounds with a drug from the polyhexamethylene guanidine group with the antiseptic polyhexanide 0.1% contributed to a temporary shift in the phases of the wound process while maintaining its general patterns, while the activation of the process occurred at an earlier time than in the control group of animals without local treatment. The results obtained showed that the use of a drug from the polyhexamethylene guanidine group with the antiseptic polyhexanide 0.1% for the treatment of purulent wounds quickly stops the inflammatory response and creates conditions for the development of the reparative abilities of granulation tissue cells, and primarily, mast cells.

Wound care management aims at stimulating and improving healing process without scar formation. Although various plants have been reported to possess wound healing properties in tribal and folklore medicines, there is a lack of scientific data to validate the claim. In this aspect, it becomes inevitable to prove the efficacy of naturally derived products at pharmacological levels. Couroupita guianensis as a whole plant has been reported to exhibit wound healing activity. The leaves and fruit of this plant have been utilized in folkloric medicine to cure skin diseases and infections for many years. However, to the best of our knowledge, no scientific studies have been conducted to verify the wound healing properties of C. guianensis fruit pulp. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the wound healing potential of C. guianensis fruit pulp using an excision wound model in Wistar albino male rats. This study indicated that the ointment prepared from crude ethanolic extract of C. guianensis fruit pulp facilitated wound contraction that were evidenced by a greater reduction in the wound area and epithelialization period and increased hydroxyproline content. The experimental groups treated with low and mid dose of C. guianensis ethanol extract (CGEE) ointments had shown a wound closure of 80.27% and 89.11% respectively within 15 days, which is comparable to the standard betadine ointment which showed 91.44% healing in the treated groups. Further, the extract influenced the expression of genes VEGF and TGF-β on post wounding days that clearly explained the strong correlation between these genes and wound healing in the experimental rats. The animals treated with 10% CGEE ointment showed a significant upregulation of both VEGF and TGF-β as compared with other test and standard groups. These findings provide credence to the conventional application of this plant in the healing of wounds and other dermatological conditions, and may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of wounds.