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"eruptions"
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Escape from the volcano : can science save your life?
\"While reading the temperature of a lava flow on an active volcano, Joe and Dr. Bea's science skills come in handy to help them outsmart the fiery flow of molten rock. In this adventurous title, readers will learn about different kinds of volcanoes, how they form, and about some of the most destructive eruptions in history.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions: current understanding
Adverse cutaneous drug reactions are recognized as being major health problems worldwide causing considerable costs for health care systems. Most adverse cutaneous drug reactions follow a benign course; however, up to 2 % of all adverse cutaneous drug eruptions are severe and life-threatening. These include acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Physicians should be aware of specific red flags to rapidly identify these severe cutaneous drug eruptions and initiate appropriate treatment. Besides significant progress in clinical classification and treatment, recent studies have greatly enhanced our understanding in the pathophysiology of adverse cutaneous drug reactions. Genetic susceptibilities to certain drugs have been identified in SJS/TEN patients, viral reactivation in DRESS has been elucidated, and the discovery of tissue resident memory T cells helps to better understand the recurrent site-specific inflammation in patients with fixed drug eruption.
Journal Article
Volcano geo facts
\"Find out about the different types of volcanoes and how they form. Learn how scientists monitor volcanic activity, and what makes some eruptions so much more destructive than others. Read about some of the most famous volcanic eruptions in history and their effects on the people and environment surrounding them\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Topical corticosteroid therapy for facial acneiform eruption due to EGFR inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial comparing starting with a very strong or a weak topical corticosteroid (FAEISS study, NCCH1512, colorectal part)
Background
Although pre-emptive therapy with oral tetracycline, moisturizer, sunscreen, and topical corticosteroid is useful for preventing acneiform eruption (AfE) due to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, no studies have examined the efficacy of topical corticosteroids themselves, or investigated the optimal potency of corticosteroid for treating facial AfE (FAfE).
Patients and methods
Screened patients with
RAS
wild-type colorectal cancer started pre-emptive therapy with oral minocycline and moisturizer on initiation of cetuximab or panitumumab therapy. Patients who developed grade 1 or 2 FAfE were randomly allocated to two groups: a ranking-down (RD) group that started with a very strong corticosteroid and serially ranked down every 2 weeks unless FAfE exacerbated; and a ranking-up (RU) group that started with a weak corticosteroid and serially ranked up at exacerbation. FAfE grade, patient quality of life, and adverse events (AEs) with topical corticosteroid were evaluated every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was the total number of times grade 2 or higher FAfE was identified in the central review of the 8-week treatment period.
Results
No significant differences in total numbers of grade 2 or higher FAfE or in AEs caused by topical corticosteroids were observed between groups during the 8 weeks. Incidence of grade 2 or higher FAfE tended to be lower in the RD group during the first 2 weeks.
Conclusion
Considering the long-term care of FAfE, the RU regimen appears suitable and should be considered the standard treatment for FAfE due to EGFR inhibitor therapy.
Trial registration
UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000024113).
Journal Article
Waking the giant : how a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes
\"The ground beneath our feet may seem safe and solid, but earthquakes, volcanic blasts and other hazardous natural phenomena leave us in no doubt that this isn't the case. The Earth is a dynamic planet of shifting tectonic plates that is responsive to change, particularly when there is a dramatic climate transition. We know that at the end of the last Ice Age, as the great glaciers disappeared, the release in pressure allowed the crust beneath to bounce back. At the same time, staggering volumes of melt water poured into the ocean basins, warping and bending the crust around their margins. The resulting tossing and turning provoked a huge resurgence in volcanic activity, seismic shocks, and monstrous landslides -- the last both above the waves and below. The frightening truth is that temperature rises expected this century are in line with those at the end of the Ice Age. All the signs, warns geophysical hazard specialist Bill McGuire, are that unmitigated climate change due to human activities could bring about a comparable response. Using evidence accumulated from studies of the recent history of our planet, and gleaned from current observations and modeling, he argues convincingly that we ignore at our peril the threats that presented by climate change and the waking giant beneath our feet.\"--Cover.
Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) 2020 clinical practice recommendations for the management of severe dermatological toxicities from checkpoint inhibitors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) frequently result in cutaneous immune-related adverse events (IrAEs). Although the majority of these events are mild-to-moderate in severity, up to 5% are severe, which may lead to morbidity and dose interruption or discontinuation of ICI therapy. In addition, up to 25% of dermatologic IrAEs are corticosteroid-refractory or corticosteroid-dependent. These 2020 MASCC recommendations cover the diagnosis and management of cutaneous IrAEs with a focus on moderate-to-severe and corticosteroid-resistant events. Although the usage of immune-suppressive therapy has been advocated in this setting, there is a lack of randomized clinical trial data to provide a compelling level of evidence of its therapeutic benefit.
Journal Article
Volcano disasters
Discusses volcanoes and why they erupt, and also gives a brief history of some famous, and devastating, volcanic eruptions.
Book
Genome wide association study to identify predictors for severe skin toxicity in colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab
EGFR-antibodies are associated with significant skin toxicity, including acneiform rash and folliculitis. It remains impossible to predict the occurrence of severe skin toxicity due to the lack of predictive markers. Here, we present the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) to find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with EGFR inhibitor-induced skin toxicity using data of the multicentre randomized phase III CAIRO2 trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00208546). In this study, advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer patients were treated with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab with or without cetuximab. Germline DNA was available in 282 of the 368 patients in the cetuximab arm. Mild skin toxicity occurred in 195 patients (i.e. CTC grade 1 or 2, respectively 91 and 104 patients) and severe skin toxicity (i.e. grade 3) in 36 patients. Grade 4 skin toxicity did not occur. None of the SNPs reached the formal genome wide threshold for significance of 5x10(-8), though SNPs of at least 8 loci did show moderate association (p-value between 5x10(-7) and 5x10(-5)) with the occurrence of grade 3 (severe) skin toxicity. These SNPs did not overlap with SNPs associated with cetuximab efficacy as found in a previous GWAS in the same CAIRO2 cohort. If formally proven by replication, the SNPs associated with severe EGFR induced skin toxicity may be helpful to predict the occurrence and severity of skin toxicity in patients that will receive cetuximab and allow for adequate information on the risk of skin toxicity and prophylactic measurements.
Journal Article
A Seismic Precursor 15 min Before the Giant Eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano on 15 January 2022
The 15 January 2022, eruption at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano started shortly after 4:00UTC. There had been noted unconfirmed precursory events. We analyzed seismometer data recorded in Fiji and Futuna, the closest stations operated during the eruption and located over 750 km away. We extracted Rayleigh waves and estimated their powers and source directions, assuming retrograde particle motions. We found a Rayleigh wave from the HTHH's direction about 15 min before the eruption onset. The arrival time difference of the Rayleigh wave between the two stations was consistent with that of the M5.8 earthquake during the eruption located beneath the HTHH. Referring to other seismic signals and satellite images, we concluded that the Rayleigh wave was the most significant eruption precursor with no apparent surface activity. Including our findings and results of previous studies, we propose a scenario of the beginning of the caldera‐forming eruption. Plain Language Summary Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano in Tonga had a caldera‐forming eruption on 15 January 2022. Disturbances associated with the eruption were recorded worldwide and by satellites. Many studies analyzed the data and reported that the eruption onset was shortly after 04:00UTC on January 15. However, some articles reported unconfirmed waves about 15 min before the eruption onset. This study is motivated by the following questions: (a) Were the unconfirmed waves actual? (b) Were they related to the eruption? (c) How did the huge eruption start? (d) How can we improve the monitoring of remote‐island and submarine volcanoes? Here, we analyzed data recorded at the closest seismic stations over 750 km away. We confirmed that a precursor event occurred ∼${\\sim} $ 15 min before the eruption and generated a significant seismic wave. This event might have been the trigger of the eruption. This study demonstrated that distant seismic stations and appropriate analysis methods will allow us to capture precursors leading to a catastrophic eruption. Key Points The volcano generated Rayleigh waves about 15 min before the giant eruption with no apparent surface activity These waves dominated in 0.03–0.1 Hz with amplitudes comparable to the amplitude of M4.9 Seismic stations 750 km from the volcano and appropriate data analyses allowed us to capture precursors of the catastrophic eruption
Journal Article