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The decline of coral cover on Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has largely been attributed to the cumulative pressures of tropical cyclones, temperature-induced coral bleaching, and prédation by crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS). In such a complex system, the effectiveness of any management intervention will become apparent only over decadal time scales. Systems modeling approaches are therefore essential to formulating and testing alternative management strategies. For a network of reefs, we developed a metacommunity model that incorporated the cumulative pressures of tropical cyclones, coral bleaching, prédation, and competition between corals. We then tested the response of coral cover to management interventions including catchment restoration to reduce discharge onto the reef during cyclone-induced flood events and enhanced protection of trophic networks supporting prédation of CoTS. Model results showed good agreement with long-term monitoring of the GBR, including cyclical outbreaks of CoTS driven by predator-prey dynamics on the network of reefs. Testing of intervention strategies showed that catchment restoration would likely improve coral cover. However, strategies that combined catchment restoration with enhanced CoTS predation were far more effective than catchment restoration alone. La declinación de la cobertura de coral en la Gran Barrera Arecifal (GBA) en Australia se ha atribuido en su mayoría a las presiones acumuladas de los ciclones tropicales, el blanqueamiento de corales influenciado por la temperatura, y la depredación por parte de la estrella de mar corona de espinas (ECdE). En un sistema tan complejo, la efectividad de cualquier intervención de manejo se volverá evidente solamente después de varias escalas de tiempo en décadas. Por lo tanto, los métodos de modelado de sistemas son esenciales para formular y evaluar las estrategias alternativas de manejo. Desarrollamos un modelo de metacomunidadpara una red de arrecifes que incorporó las presiones acumulativas de los ciclones tropicales, el blanqueamiento del coral, la depredación, y la competencia entre corales. Después probamos la respuesta de la cobertura de coral ante las intervenciones de manejo, incluyendo la restauración de la zona de influencia para reducir la descarga sobre el arrecife durante los eventos de inundación inducidos por los ciclones y la protección mejorada de las redes tróficas que respaldan la depredación de la ECdE. Los resultados del modelo mostraron buena concordancia con el monitoreo a largo plazo de la GBA, incluyendo brotes cíclicos de ECdE conducidos por las dinámicas de depredador-presa en la red de arrecifes. La prueba de las estrategias de intervención mostró que la restauración de la zona de influencia probablemente aumentaría la cobertura de coral. Sin embargo, las estrategias que combinaron la restauración de la zona de influencia con la depredación aumentada de la ECdE fueron mucho más efectivas que la restauración de la zona de influencia por sí sola. 澳大利亚大堡礁珊瑚覆盖率的下降很大程度上是受到热带气旋、温度引起的珊瑚白化和棘冠海星捕食的 累积影响。在这样ー个复杂系統中，管理干预措施的有效ñ 需要数十年才能显现。因此,用系统建模的方法来制 定和检验替代的管理策略显得至关重要。我们针对珊瑚礁网络发展了ー个聚合群落模型，整合了热带气旋、珊 琐白化、捕食和珊瑚间竞争的累积压力。接下来我们检测了珊瑚覆盖率对管理干预的响应,这些干预措施包括 通过流域恢复来减少气旋引发的洪水排放到珊瑚礁区域, 以及加强保护来维持棘冠海星捕食的食物网。模型结 果与大堡礁长期监测的情況一致，可以模拟出珊瑚礁网络中由捕食者-猎物动力学导致的棘冠海星周期性爆发。 对干预措施的检测表明，流域恢复可以提高珊瑚樵覆盖率。不过，流域恢复与增强棘冠海星捕食相结合的策略比 只考虑流域恢复要有效得多。

The morphology of larvae is a key factor influencing their behaviour, performance and ultimately their survival. There is evidence indicating a significant morphological variability among broods, and that this may be related to the size or conditions of the mother. However, this maternal influence is not consistent across decapod crustaceans. Using 35 broods from different mothers of the crab Hemigrapsus takanoi collected in the same locality of inner Tokyo Bay and at the same time, we tested the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between the size of the mother and the progeny’s morphology. Our results indicate that different patterns in the length of the lateral, rostral and dorsal spines differentiated two distinct morphogroups of larvae. These morphogroups were linked to the size of the mother, showing that larger mothers produced bigger larvae with longer carapace spines. It is possible that larger size and longer spines can influence swimming performance and predator avoidance, respectively. These relationships should be tested in future experimental studies.

Running consists of simple basic movements, and to achieve these simple basic movements requires good mobility and stability, because the weakening of mobility and stability of the body causes misalignment or weakness of the legs so as to interfere with the absorption or propulsion phase in leg movement while running. Apply appropriate exercise methods to improve lumbar mobility and spinal stability. One training method that can be used is the core stability training method. Core stability is an exercise model to improve the ability to control the position of trunk movement through the pelvis and legs to allow optimal motion production. This study aims to ascertain whether core stability training can improve lumbar mobility and spinal stability in running athletes. The study used an experimental method with a research pattern using a group pretest-posttest design. 10 running athletes were sampled according to the criteria to be treated in the form of core stability training for 6 weeks. The athletes were assessed before and after training using the Functional Reach Test and Unilateral Hip Bridge Endurance. This study showed that there was a significant effect between core stability training and lumbar mobility (P = 0.000) and spinal stability (P = 0.000) in athletes. The results of this study show that the application of core stability exercises can increase the ability of lumbar mobility and spinal stability, so if the core stability exercises are done properly, they can increase stability in the spine and mobility in the lumbar, which causes dynamic limb movement to be more efficient. Key Words: athletics; Core Stability; Lumbar Mobility; spine stability.

During circuit assembly it is essential that neurons connect with their specific synaptic partners. To facilitate this process, a common strategy in many organisms is the organization of brain regions, including the fly visual system, in layers and columns. The atypical-cadherin Flamingo (Fmi) and the receptor Golden Goal (Gogo) were proposed to regulate both the temporary and final layer selection of the R8 photoreceptor, through the cytoplasmic domain of Gogo. Our data suggests that Fmi intracellular signaling is also relevant for R8 final layer selection. The LIM-domain cytoplasmic molecule Espinas (Esn) binds Fmi, and they cooperatively control dendritic self-avoidance in sensory neurons. We observed defects in R8 layer selection in esn mutants with axons overshooting the final target layer, and we demonstrated that the LIM domain is necessary for layer selection. fmi knockdown in photoreceptors results in most R8 axons stalling at the temporary layer, however, we also detected R8 axons projecting past the final-target layer, and showed that fmi and esn genetically interact. Based on the previously described physical and genetic interactions between Fmi/Esn and the findings presented here, we propose that Esn signals downstream of Fmi to stabilize R8 axons in their final target layer.

Background: Experimental studies suggest that some insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides can result in liver cell death, but population-based evidence is lacking. We investigated associations between urinary pesticide metabolites and liver biomarkers among adolescents and adults in an Ecuadorian agricultural area. Methods: We examined participants in 2016 (N = 528, 11–17 years) and 2022 (N = 505, 17–24 years). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, soluble cytokeratin-18, and erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase were measured. Urinary biomarkers included four organophosphates, six neonicotinoids, three pyrethroids, two herbicides, and two fungicides. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models examined associations and introduced sex and age interaction terms and quadratic terms. Quantile g-computation evaluated the effects of pesticide mixtures. Results: No significant associations were observed between pesticide biomarkers and liver biomarkers in longitudinal or cross-sectional analyses. A curvilinear association was found between 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA; pyrethroid) and ALT (βquadratic = −0.35, 95% CI: [−0.67, −0.04]) in 2016, but not in 2022. Sex modified the associations of 3-PBA with AST, ALT, and CK18-M65 in adolescents (2016), with non-significant positive associations observed in males and non-significant negative associations observed in females. No pesticide mixture effects were observed. Conclusions: Urinary biomarkers of various insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and their mixtures were not associated with liver biomarkers among adolescents and young adults in agricultural settings. These largely null findings, consistent across time points, suggest background-level exposures in these settings possibly do not harm liver health in this population, though effects at higher exposures cannot be ruled out.

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The methanol content is an important indicator in determining the quality of wine. The effects of material quality, fermentation conditions and storage containers on the formation of methanol and other substances in winemaking process were studied. The methanol content in spine grape wine was observed to increase as the fermentation temperature increased. Extending maceration time and the increasing addition of pectinase also increased the methanol content. No significant change in methanol content was observed with various yeasts added. The methanol content in wine that is stored in oak barrels was the lowest compared to that in other containers. The optimal conditions to control the methanol content in spine grape wine should be as follows: ferment wine with high-quality materials under 25-26°C for 3-6 d, with a pectinase of 15-20 mg/L and yeast added; and store the wine in oak barrels.

In Sep 2013, nopal growers in Teotihuacan, Mexico, reported resinous secretions emerging from the base of the spines of mature cladodes. Cladodes with symptoms were collected, and the weevil species Cylindrocopturus biradiatus Champion and Cylindrocopturus ganglbaueri Heller (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) emerged. This work confirms the presence of both species, and it provides illustrations and descriptions for their diagnosis.

Septins, a conserved family of GTP-binding proteins with a conserved role in cytokinesis, are present in eukaryotes ranging from yeast to mammals. Septins are also highly expressed in neurons, which are post-mitotic cells. Septin6 (SEPT6) forms SEPT2/6/7 complexes in vivo. In this study, we produced a very specific SEPT6 antibody. Immunocytochemisty (ICC) of dissociated hippocampal cultures revealed that SEPT6 was highly expressed in neurons. Developmentally, the expression of SEPT6 was very low until stage 3 (axonal outgrowth). Significant expression of SEPT6 began at stage 4 (outgrowth of dendrites). At this stage, SEPT6 clusters were positioned at the branch points of developing dendrites. In maturing and mature neurons (stage 5), SEPT6 clusters were positioned at the base of filopodia and spines, and pre-synaptic boutons. Detergent extraction experiments also indicated that SEPT6 is not a post-synaptic density (PSD) protein. Throughout morphologic development of neurons, SEPT6 always formed tiny rings (external diameter, ~0.5 μm), which appear to be clusters at low magnification. When a Sept6 RNAi vector was introduced at the early developmental stage (DIV 2), a significant reduction in dendritic length and branch number was evident. Taken together, our results indicate that SEPT6 begins to be expressed at the stage of dendritic outgrowth and regulates the cytoarchitecture.