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Regulated transcription controls the diversity, developmental pathways and spatial organization of the hundreds of cell types that make up a mammal. Using single-molecule cDNA sequencing, we mapped transcription start sites (TSSs) and their usage in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues to produce a comprehensive overview of mammalian gene expression across the human body. We find that few genes are truly ‘housekeeping’, whereas many mammalian promoters are composite entities composed of several closely separated TSSs, with independent cell-type-specific expression profiles. TSSs specific to different cell types evolve at different rates, whereas promoters of broadly expressed genes are the most conserved. Promoter-based expression analysis reveals key transcription factors defining cell states and links them to binding-site motifs. The functions of identified novel transcripts can be predicted by coexpression and sample ontology enrichment analyses. The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research. A study from the FANTOM consortium using single-molecule cDNA sequencing of transcription start sites and their usage in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues reveals insights into the specificity and diversity of transcription patterns across different mammalian cell types. Mapping the human transcription FANTOM5 (standing for functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5) is the fifth major stage of a major international collaboration that aims to dissect the transcriptional regulatory networks that define every human cell type. Two Articles in this issue of Nature present some of the project's latest results. The first paper uses the FANTOM5 panel of tissue and primary cell samples to define an atlas of active, in vivo bidirectionally transcribed enhancers across the human body. These authors show that bidirectional capped RNAs are a signature feature of active enhancers and identify more than 40,000 enhancer candidates from over 800 human cell and tissue samples. The enhancer atlas is used to compare regulatory programs between different cell types and identify disease-associated regulatory SNPs, and will be a resource for studies on cell-type-specific enhancers. In the second paper, single-molecule sequencing is used to map human and mouse transcription start sites and their usage in a panel of distinct human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues to produce the most comprehensive mammalian gene expression atlas to date. The data provide a plethora of insights into open reading frames and promoters across different cell types in addition to valuable annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes.

Heritage protection law is one of the youngest branches of law. It is still developing, like a child on its way to adulthood. By using the parallel narrative between the chosen literary works for children (The Snow Queen by Ch. Andersen, The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L.F. Baume and Pippi Longstocking by A. Lindgren) and future challenges for heritage law, the authors aim to present different directions of development relating to heritage identity, extending the field of protection by law (by encompassing intangible heritage and other areas), valuation of heritage, and the problem of bringing heritage to the public domain and the reverse process.

The Strategist's Best Books About Asian American Identity, New York Magazine  The pioneering Asian American labor organizer and writer's vision for intersectional and anti-racist activism.   In this powerful, deeply humanistic book, Grace Lee Boggs, a legendary figure in the struggle for justice in America, shrewdly assesses the current crisis-political, economical, and environmental-and shows how to create the radical social change we need to confront new realities. A vibrant, inspirational force, Boggs has participated in all of the twentieth century's major social movements-for civil rights, women's rights, workers' rights, and more. She draws from seven decades of activist experience, and a rigorous commitment to critical thinking, to redefine \"revolution\" for our times.   From her home in Detroit, she reveals how hope and creativity are overcoming despair and decay within the most devastated urban communities. Her book is a manifesto for creating alternative modes of work, politics, and human interaction that will collectively constitute the next American Revolution-which is unraveling before our eyes.

This innovative new textbook seeks to provide undergraduate students of international relations with valuable and relevant historical context, bridging the gap and offering a genuinely interdisciplinary approach. Each chapter integrates both historical analysis and literature and applies this to an international relations context in an accessible fashion, allowing students to understand the historical context in which these core issues have developed. The book is organised thematically around the key issues in international relations such as war, peace, sovereignty, identity, empire and international organisations. Each chapter provides an overview of the main historical context, theories and literature in each area and applies this to the study of international relations. Providing a fresh approach, this work will be essential reading for all students of international relations and international relations theory. 1. History and International Relations: Contrasts and Comparisons 2. War 3. Peace 4. Sovereignty 5. Empire 6. International Organisation 7. Identity Andrew J. Williams is Professor of International Relations at the University of St Andrews. His main research interests include international conflict resolution, international history and international organization. His book Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished was published in 2006. Amelia Hadfield is Professor of European Affairs at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), as well as Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of European Studies (IES). Her broad research interests include foreign policy analysis, diplomatic history, IR theory and the foreign policy of the European Union. Her research monograph, entitled British Foreign Policy, National Identity and Neoclassical Realism, was published in 2010. J. Simon Rofe is Senior Lecturer in Diplomatic and International Studies in the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. His research interests lie in the broad field of diplomacy and international relations, particularly in the international history of the twentieth century, and focus on US foreign relations with the rest of the world.

This chapter contains sections titled: Myth and the Beginnings of Psychoanalysis Why Apply Psychoanalysis to Myth? Case Study: Freud's Oedipal Insights Analysing Myth, Analysing Patients: Controlling Interpretation Freud's Heirs and Critics Conclusions Further Reading