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Recent rapid increases in the number of Latino-owned businesses (LOBs) in the United States far outpace the growth in the number of businesses generally. In many ways, the growth and success of LOBs are very important to a healthy business, economic, and entrepreneurial ecosystem nationally. Yet there are few national studies of Latino-owned businesses, their characteristics, or their market orientation. Utilizing a national random sample of 4024 LOBs undertaken by the Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative (SLEI) in 2018, LOBs are classified by market orientation. The classification segments LOBs along their primary product (ethnic and non-ethnic) and client dimensions (ethnic and non-ethnic) resulting in a two-by-two market orientation typology of four product/client classes and sizes: (1) ethnic market niche (25.9%), (2) ethnic market experience (4.3%), (3) ethnic-friendly marketplace (27.2%), and (4) post-ethnic marketplace (42.6%). Group classification is further examined and estimated through a multinomial logistic regression.

In the continuing debates on the topic of racial and ethnic identity in the United States, there are some that argue that ethnicity is an ascribed reality. To the contrary, others claim that individuals are becoming increasingly active inchoosingandconstructingtheir ethnic identities. Focusing on second-generation South Asian Americans, Bandana Purkayastha offers fresh insights into the subjective experience of race, ethnicity, and social class in an increasingly diverse America. The young people of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Nepalese origin that are the subjects of the study grew up in mostly white middle class suburbs, and their linguistic skills, education, and occupation profiles are indistinguishable from their white peers. By many standards, their lifestyles mark them as members of mainstream American culture. But, as Purkayastha shows, their ethnic experiences are shaped by their racial status as neither \"white\" nor \"wholly Asian,\" their continuing ties with family members across the world, and a global consumer industry, which targets them as ethnic consumers.\" Drawing on information gathered from forty-eight in-depth interviews and years of research, this book illustrates how ethnic identity is negotiated by this group through choice-the adoption of ethnic labels, the invention of \"traditions,\" the consumption of ethnic products, and participation in voluntary societies. The pan-ethnic identities that result demonstrate both a resilient attachment to heritage and a celebration of reinvention. Lucidly written and enriched with vivid personal accounts,Negotiating Ethnicityis an important contribution to the literature on ethnicity and racialization in contemporary American culture.

One of the factors that shapes individual and collective identity is experience. Members of an ethnic group are involved in different forms of ethnic experience in daily life. These experiences are mainly defined and redefined by the dominant norms and values of a society, ethnic intellectuals, and the media. In Iran, the ideological confrontation and clash between the ethnic culture of the first and second Pahlavi dynasties (1926–1979) culminated in rising sensitivity about folk/ethnic art. However, after the Revolution, the war with Iraq imposed by Saddam Hussein, together with a monological discourse of ideology, led to backwardness of ethnic art originating in rural areas compared to the modernity of urban art in Gilan province. In Gilan, a contradiction exists between ethnic elites and commoners in their perceptions of ethnic identity. While ethnic intellectuals overemphasize a textual form of ethnic identity and invented ethnic traditions and rituals, the common people disregard these forms in favor of lived experience. This article seeks to open a new field of discussion under the lens of the idea of the horizon of ethnic expectation.

PurposeThe study aims to examine the mediating effects of escapism (ESC) and ethnic food experience (EFE) in the relationship between diversity (DIV) and behavioral intentions (BI) of visitors attending Hoi An International Food Festival held in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThe research takes a predictive and explanatory approach rather than theory confirmation. Partial least squares (PLS) algorithm was used to analyze multiple mediation. The data were collected from 323 attendees through a self-administered questionnaire.FindingsThe research highlights that escapism and EFE have positive and significant mediating effects on the relationship between DIV and BI. Furthermore, while EFE is the most important predictor of BI, escapism has emerged as an antecedent variable that deserves to be given the highest importance. Finally, visitors who are participating in their first international food festival do not seem to consider the nexus between DIV and ESC as much as repeaters.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's limitations include the collection of data from a single festival and the fact that the analyses are only quantitative. The results contribute to festival organizers by revealing the importance of multiple mediation roles.Originality/valueThis study contributes novel insights to the literature on festival and event management, extending previous studies and filling a gap by proposing ESC and EFE as multiple mediators in the nexus between DIV and BI. The present study provides a comprehensive examination of the influence of individual variables previously analyzed separately on festival-goers' experiences. This facilitated the identification of crucial aspects of the circumstance, thereby reducing any ambiguity.

Today, airports have a rigorous security focus on operational consistency from legislative and policy mandates being a priority rather than allowing airport operators satisfactory autonomy to adapt policy to their requirements (Poole in World Custom J, 3(2), 2009). Poole and Passantino (2003) stated that there is a tendency to try to treat all passengers the same, which can mean resources are not allocated to areas of greater risk. Resources are diverted to better technology and reducing staffing to process large numbers of passengers. Despite technological changes there are concerns security at airports can often focus on ethnic minority passengers. This study critically discusses the effects of security changes since 9/11 at UK airports on young passengers particularly the use of full-body scanning on ethnic minorities. In the study (n-709) respondents aged 18–30 years old were surveyed to consider their attitudes towards security at airports and in particularly their opinion of profiling passengers and the use of full-body scanning. This study demonstrated a high degree of support for security but a significant difference between how white and non-white respondents perceive airport security towards ethnicity.

Indonesia's huge population and areas are resulting in a high rate of cultural and ethnical diversification. This study examines whether employees from different cultures and ethnicities experience ethnic harassments at work when they are assigned to different regions across Indonesia, and its effect on their intention to leave. Furthermore, this study also investigates whether an employee's cultural intelligence moderates the effect of an ethnic harassment experience on the employee's intention to leave. This study used a sample of 232 employees with various job backgrounds who are assigned across different regions in Indonesia. The result shows that the ethnic harassment experiences affect employees' intention to leave. Cultural intelligence as a whole and two of its dimensions are proven to moderate the effect of ethnic harassment experience on employees' intention to leave.

This volume combines literary analysis and theoretical approaches to mobility, diasporic identities and the construction of space to explore the different ways in which the notion of return shapes contemporary ethnic writing such as fiction, ethnography, memoir, and film. Through a wide variety of ethnic experiences ranging from the Transatlantic, Asian American, Latino/a and Caribbean alongside their corresponding forms of displacement - political exile, war trauma, and economic migration - the essays in this collection connect the intimate experience of the returning subject to multiple locations, historical experiences, inter-subjective relations, and cultural interactions. They challenge the idea of the narrative of return as a journey back to the untouched roots and home that the ethnic subject left behind. Their diacritical approach combines, on the one hand, a sensitivity to the context and structural elements of modern diaspora; and on the other, an analysis of the individual psychological processes inherent to the experience of displacement and return such as nostalgia, memory and belonging. In the narratives of return analyzed in this volume, space and identity are never static or easily definable; rather, they are in-process and subject to change as they are always entangled in the historical and inter-subjective relations ensuing from displacement and mobility. This book will interest students and scholars who wish to further explore the role of American literature within current debates on globalization, migration, and ethnicity.

This paper examines Korean-Latino relations based on the results of my own research in New York City and review of other empirical studies conducted in New York and Los Angeles. Korean-Latino relations have been established mainly through the employment of Latino immigrants in Korean-owned stores. Since Korean immigrants' heavy dependence on very disadvantaged Latino workers involves labor exploitation, it has been a source of Korean-Latino conflicts. There have been many cases of picketing against Korean stores by Latino employees in both New York City and Los Angeles. But Korean-Latino business-related conflicts have been much less serious than Korean-Black business-related conflicts. Moreover, the relationships between Koreans and Latinos have some positive aspects. First, due to cultural similarities and mutual benefits derived from the employer-employee relationship, many Korean merchants maintain strong personal ties with Latino employees, informally helping them and often sponsoring their applications for green cards. Second, Korean ethnic organizations staffed by 1.5- and second-generation Koreans in Korean enclaves in Los Angeles and New York City have recently expanded their services to Latino immigrant workers and Latino children. In particular, the efforts of the Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates in Los Angeles to protect Latino workers from exploitation by Korean merchants have greatly contributed to establishing cultural, social, and organizational linkages between the two communities.

In this study, the authors examine the influence of ethnic-related diversity experiences on intercultural sensitivity among Malaysian students at a multiethnic, multicultural and multilingual Malaysian public university. Results reveal a significant differential level of ethnic-related diversity experiences (but not at the level of intercultural sensitivity) across ethnic groups studied. In comparison, the minority ethnic group of Indian students had a significantly higher level of ethnic-related diversity experiences than the Chinese and Malay students. The hypothesized significant main effect of level of ethnic-related diversity experiences on the level of intercultural sensitivity among the students is supported. The high-level ethnic-diversity experiences group significantly shows a higher level of intercultural sensitivity than the moderate and low-level groups, and the moderate level group is significantly higher than the low-level group. However, no significant interaction effect of ethnicity and ethnic-related diversity experiences on intercultural sensitivity is found. The implications of these findings are discussed further in the paper.