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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geopolitical risks have made significant changes in the integration ties between the countries of Central Asia, which has affected the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and food security. The adoption of urgent measures to improve food security, on the one hand, is a necessary condition for the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, but on the other hand, it can lead to a decrease in the level of environmental security in the country if the possible consequences in the reintegration process are not considered. Therefore, this article aimed to examine the sustainable agriculture practices implemented in Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex to improve food security and reduce the environmental impact of agriculture.METHODS: To collect information, a mixed research strategy combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used. The collection of information was carried out in the summer of 2022 and consisted of three stages. In the first stage, statistical information was collected; in the second stage, a correlation analysis was carried out; and in the third stage, a survey of 40 experts was conducted.FINDING: The data obtained indicate that the efficiency of Kazakhstan’s agricultural production strongly and directly depends on the level of the country’s integration into the united Eurasian Economic Union market. Due to the geographical features of Kazakhstan’s location, it is necessary to develop areas that are primarily focused on the internal capabilities of the country. Internal changes will help the industry increase international competitiveness and efficiency while promoting sustainable development and ensuring food security and environmental safety.CONCLUSION: The article determined that it is necessary to prioritize developing multilateral partnerships to address transportation and logistics challenges in the export and import of agricultural products, and reduce dependence on the import of seeds, breeding products, fodder, and agricultural machinery. However, to effectively promote these areas, it is necessary to improve food security through the introduction of sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop diversification, conservation agriculture, integrated pest management, and drip irrigation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geopolitical risks have made significant changes in the integration ties between the countries of Central Asia, which has affected the sustainable development of the agroindustrial complex and food security. The adoption of urgent measures to improve food security, on the one hand, is a necessary condition for the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, but on the other hand, it can lead to a decrease in the level of environmental security in the country if the possible consequences in the reintegration process are not considered. Therefore, this article aimed to examine the sustainable agriculture practices implemented in Kazakhstan's agro-industrial complex to improve food security and reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. METHODS: To collect information, a mixed research strategy combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used. The collection of information was carried out in the summer of 2022 and consisted of three stages. In the first stage, statistical information was collected; in the second stage, a correlation analysis was carried out; and in the third stage, a survey of 40 experts was conducted. FINDINGS: The data obtained indicate that the efficiency of Kazakhstan's agricultural production strongly and directly depends on the level of the country's integration into the united Eurasian Economic Union market. Due to the geographical features of Kazakhstan's location, it is necessary to develop areas that are primarily focused on the internal capabilities of the country. Internal changes will help the industry increase international competitiveness and efficiency while promoting sustainable development and ensuring food security and environmental safety. CONCLUSION: The article determined that it is necessary to prioritize developing multilateral partnerships to address transportation and logistics challenges in the export and import of agricultural products, and reduce dependence on the import of seeds, breeding products, fodder, and agricultural machinery. However, to effectively promote these areas, it is necessary to improve food security through the introduction of sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop diversification, conservation agriculture, integrated pest management, and drip irrigation.

According to national standards, an interchangeable medication is the one that has proven therapeutic equivalence or bioequivalence with respect to the reference medication, as well as the qualitative and quantitative composition of the active and auxiliary substances, the dosage form and the mode of administration equivalent to the reference medication. Interchangeability is defined during the state registration based on the comparison with reference medication in accordance with the established parameters: 1) Equivalence of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pharmaceutical substances (comparability - for biological analogues); 2) Equivalence of the medicinal form; 3) Equivalence or comparability of the composition of excipients; 4) Identity of the mode of administration and use; 5) Absence of clinically significant differences in the study of the medication bioequivalence; in the case of impossibility to conduct a bioequivalence study- the absence of clinically significant differences in the safety and efficacy of the medication in the study of therapeutic equivalence; for biological analogues - the data on the absence of clinically significant differences in safety, efficacy and immunogenicity in comparison with the reference medication according to the results of clinical trials; and 6)Conformity of the medication manufacturer to the requirements of due Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The initial stage in regulation process can be taken as a period until December 31, 2017, when the interchangeability was defined for: * medications registered before 01.07.2015;and * medications registered after 01.07.2015 in cases of filing applications for state registration or the renewal of state registration, the examination of the quality, and the examination of the relationship of expected benefits to the possible risk of using medication before 01.07.2015. Since early 2018, information on interchangeability has to be included in the state register of medications, and the use of the results of defining the interchangeability is allowed. Explanation of the availability of cheaper equivalents of expensive medications to population and healthcare workers, establishment of a stable demand for the lower middle price segment, and prevention of low-price medication being \"washed away\" from sale require elaboration of the measures to inform the medical community and patients about interchangeable medications.

This article examines the digital transformation processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), focus­ing on Kazakhstan to explore the intersection of technological development, scientific literacy, and labor market evolution. Drawing on official documents, regional initiatives, and scholarly literature, the study analyzes national and supranational strategies that foster digital ecosystems, respond to workforce ad­aptation challenges, and promote citizen science and technology competencies. The analysis identifies key initiatives adopted by the EEU, including cross-border employment platforms, digital customs sys­tems, and national education and cybersecurity strategies. It also evaluates these initiatives’ implications from socio-educational and economic perspectives. Particular attention is given to scientific and digital literacy, which is defined as the ability to critically engage with technological environments and scien­tific information in daily and professional life. The study argues that Kazakhstan’s digital agenda should prioritize inclusive access to infrastructure, reform the educational system toward competency-based learning, align workforce reskilling with scientific and digital competencies, and strengthen research and innovation ecosystems. In this context, the article formulates strategic guidelines for Kazakhstan and the EEU to ensure equitable, participatory, and scientifically grounded digital transformation processes. Ultimately, the study contributes to the broader debate on how emerging economies can align digital development with inclusive education and labor strategies, thereby reinforcing the role of scientific lit­eracy as a structural component of sustainable digitalization.

The study examines the impact of Eurasian integration at aggregate country and industry levels using the gravity model of trade and the synthetic control methods. We find that the establishment of the Eurasian Customs Union in 2010 and its further deepening resulted in notable trade creation effects with particularly sizable gains attributed to the commodities and chemicals sectors. The effects on other sectors, including textiles, machinery and transportation, while initially positive and significant, largely dissipated by the year 2015. The analysis also finds that the Eurasian integration, on average, has also facilitated trade with non-bloc trading partners. The results, however, are highly heterogeneous across the members of the bloc. The net impact on trade flows of Eurasian integration was overwhelmingly positive for Belarus, generally positive for Russia and mixed for Kazakhstan.

The article discusses alternatives to the development of the common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union countries. In the study, the authors identified three tasks: to analyze the process of forming a unified energy market for the EAEU countries; to assess the achievability of indicators of “greening” the economy of the EAEU countries according to the adopted Millennium Goals by 2025 and 2030; and to consider the impact of various factors on the development of the common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union countries in the conditions of the current economic crisis. The research hypothesis suggests that the energy unification of the countries will not lead to the abandonment of the use of traditional energy resources, but the need to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of their use will come into focus, and the active inclusion of the electric power industry in modern global “green” trends based on the development of renewable energy generation sectors will make it possible to solve the problems of energy security of countries more effectively in the long-term participants of the CEM. The authors believe that it is not a deficit but on the contrary an excess of traditional energy resources that provides a trend of progressive movement towards a “green” economy, and the manifestations of the “Dutch disease” with a properly structured state energy policy and effectively selected incentive measures cannot serve as a significant brake on this movement. At the same time, the formation of a common electricity market of the EAEU countries should prioritize not just the idea of integration but also the idea of creating an alternative electricity market based on the introduction of modern electricity generation technologies and the creation of conditions that stimulate the development of alternative energy.

The aim of the paper is to consider the international experience of delineating spheres of responsibility of national and supranational regulators in the sphere of agriculture on the example of the Eurasian Economic Union. Used philosophical, general scientific and special methods helped to provide an assessment of the process, which shows that, due to the incompleteness of the process of economic integration, the existing institutional structure of the Union cannot be considered as finalized, and therefore the assignment of certain powers to the Union's bodies is situational, which prevents the formulation of final conclusions on the specifics of delimiting the spheres of responsibility of national and supranational regulators and the boundaries of powers of national regulators in the agricultural sector. The authors concluded that Eurasian Economic Commission's powers and competence in the sphere of agriculture should be expanded in order to achieve aims of the integration entity.

The events taking place in the world require a significant restructuring of the economic system, the formation of closer socio-economic interactions with Russia’s partners, primarily within the framework of Eurasian associations. The development and deepening of integration ties can contribute to the growth of the economies of allied countries and the expansion of national labor markets, which is especially important in the context of increasing restrictions on the part of labor resources in individual countries. The article examines the main characteristics of the labor markets of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), highlighting common features and differences. Based on the methodology developed by the authors (using correlation and regression analysis methods), the growth of labor productivity in the long term is assessed for each country of the Union. In accordance with demographic forecast calculations, an assessment is given of the growth in the number of employed people in national labor markets, as well as the possibility of increasing labor migration. As a result of the comparison of the obtained forecast estimates, the possibilities for economic growth of the allied countries are determined.

Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan formed the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in order to create a single market. Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan all approximately doubled their average external tariffs, which were the Russian tariff, resulting in substantial transfers to Russia. Estimates show, however, that substantial progress in trade facilitation and reducing nontariff barriers could make the EAEU positive for all members. Moreover, the right to work for migrants or security arrangements with Russia may be the dominant issue for Armenia and the Kyrgyz Republic. So far, however, the EAEU has made little progress on reducing nontariff barriers or trade facilitation.

The present study examines the competition determinants of Eurasian Union oil and gas companies for the period of 2012–2020. The study covers a total of 24,813 firm-year observations. This study applied the GMM two-step estimation to capture the endogeneity problem. Our results reveal that leverage, profitability, and efficiency are the main competition determinants. In the Eurasian Union, large oil and gas companies are less competitive. It may be caused by higher corporate bureaucracy and high transaction costs. Oil and gas companies with an efficient level of sales are more competitive in the market. Also, the increase in leverage provides a tax shelter. The price cost margin, the Boone Indicator, and the firm’s income total income ratio are confirmed as efficient competition indicators.