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Background: There is an ongoing debate about the validity of the A1 criterion of PTSD. Whereas the DSM-5 has opted for a more stringent A1 criterion, the ICD-11 will leave it out as a key criterion. Objective: Here we investigated whether formal DSM-IV-TR traumatic (A1) and stressful (non-A1) events differ with regard to PTSD symptom profiles, and whether there is a gender difference in this respect. Method: This was examined in a large, mostly clinical sample from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n = 1433). Participants described their most bothersome (index) event and were assigned to either an A1 or non-A1 event group according to this index event. Results: Remarkably, in men PTSD symptoms were even more severe after non-A1 than A1 events, whereas in women symptoms were equally severe after non-A1 and A1 events. Moreover, while women showed significantly higher PTSD symptoms after A1 events than men (29.9 versus 15.4% met PTSD criteria), there was no gender difference after non-A1 events (women: 28.2%; men: 31.3%). Furthermore, anxiety and perceived impact were higher in women than men, which was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Conclusion: In sum, while women showed similar levels of PTSD symptoms after both event types, men reported even higher levels of PTSD symptoms after non-A1 than A1 events. These findings shed a new light on the role of gender in PTSD symptomatology and the clinical usefulness of the A1 criterion.

Background: Subjective age (SA) is an indicator of aging that has been empirically associated with health impediments and hindered longevity. Studies show that adverse life events may result in relatively older SA, but have not addressed the differential contribution of life events across the lifespan and the course of posttraumatic psychopathology on the SA of aging survivors of extreme trauma. Objective: Filling this gap, the current study explored the differential contribution of (1) adverse experiences in various life-stages and (2) trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to the prediction of SA in a sample of former prisoners-of-war as they enter old age. Method: A cohort of Israeli former prisoners-of-war of the 1973 Yom Kippur War (N = 103) was assessed at four points throughout four decades after the war. A linear hierarchical regression was utilized to assess the contribution of negative life events during childhood, participation in other wars, combat exposure, suffering in captivity, life events since the war and the trajectories of PTSD for predicting SA 42-years post-repatriation. Results: Lifespan adversity explained 50% of the variance in SA, with trajectories of PTSD making the largest contribution, followed by life events since the war. Negative life events in childhood added to the explained variance only when PTSD trajectories were accounted for. Exposure to combat, participation in additional wars and the severity of specific experiences during captivity did not reach significance, though the latter marginally contributed to the explained variance (p = .069). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of considering the prolongation of posttraumatic psychopathology together with life adversities and their differential implications when addressing SA after extreme trauma. The findings suggest that early life adversity may be a latent factor that increases vulnerability to posttraumatic premature aging processes. * Higher subjective age is a known indicator of premature aging.* Lifespan adversity explained 50% of the variance in subjective age of former prisoners-of-war.* Trajectories of PTSD made the largest contribution to subjective age, followed by posttrauma life events.* Early life adversity created a latent vulnerability to posttraumatic premature aging processes.* Objective indicators of captivity severity (i.e. combat exposure, weight loss) did not significantly contribute to subjective age in older adulthood.

Background and objective: The aims of this study were to estimate the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in young men in Switzerland and to assess factors and mental health outcomes associated with such events. Method: Data were drawn from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), encompassing 5,223 young men. Exposure to PTEs was assessed using the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ) and Life Event Checklist (LEC). Results: Lifetime prevalence of PTEs was 59.4%, with 37.3% reporting multiple types of events. Twelve-month prevalence was 31.2%, with 12.7% reporting multiple types of events. Low education level of participants, high maternal education, family affluence below average, and not living with biological parents were associated with a higher risk of having experienced one or more PTEs in one's lifetime. Low education level of participants and high maternal education were also related to exposure to one or more PTEs over the past 12 months. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that PTE exposure was directly associated with all assessed mental health outcomes. The strongest relationship was found between exposure to multiple types of PTEs and suicide attempts (adjusted OR 4.9 [95% CI: 2.9-8.4]). Conclusions: These results indicate that having experienced one or multiple types of PTEs is common in Swiss young men. Efforts should be intensified to reduce exposure to PTEs and prevent and treat resulting problematic mental health outcomes in young adults. * Exposure to PTEs is common among young Swiss men.* Education level of participants and of their mothers, family affluence and living arrangements are associated with PTE exposure.* PTE exposure is associated with AUD, MD and suicide attempts.* Efforts should be intensified to reduce exposure to PTEs and to prevent and treat resulting problematic mental health outcomes in young adults.

The objective of the research was to evaluate the relationship between stress levels, valence and predictability of life events in relation to the anxiety and depression index of students from a private university in northeastern Colombia. We worked under a quantitative methodology, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design and a descriptive-correlational scope. The sample was nonprobabilistic at convenience, consisting of 33.7% (n = 186) of men and 66.3% (n = 366) of women, with an average age of 18.9 years. The study variables were evaluated with the following: The Beck Depression Inventory II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Vital Events Questionnaire. Statistically significant correlations were found between levels of anxiety and depression with negative valenceand the predictability of the event. These results support the helplessness-hopelessness theory anddisagree with the existing scientific evidence on this issue.

Frente al dominio en Colombia de los enfoques de conceptualización y medición de la pobreza con base en la dimensión del ingreso, este artículo tiene dos objetivos. El primero es reconstruir los elementos históricos y conceptuales de la investigación que se ha ocupado de los enfoques sobre activos, medios de vida y vulnerabilidad. El segundo, presentar el caso de Bogotá, la partir de los resultados de un estudio de caso realizado entre 2006 y 2007 financiado por COLCIENCIAS y que abarcó también las ciudades de Cali y Manizales. A través de este artículo se plantea la importancia del análisis de la vulnerabilidad para identificar un elemento central: la conexión entre la “libertad desde” (eventos críticos) como elemento necesario para lograr “libertad para” (el logro de capacidades).

Background: Adolescent patients with a substance use disorder (SUD) often fulfil the criteria for a co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is not clear if these dual-diagnosed adolescents present with unique levels of substance use and how their substance use relates to PTSD symptom clusters. Objective: To investigate substance use in adolescents with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. Additionally, we explored how the use of specific substances is related to specific PTSD symptom clusters. Method: We recruited n = 121 German adolescent SUD patients, in three groups: no history of traumatic events (TEs) (n = 35), TEs but not PTSD (n = 48), probable PTSD (n = 38). All groups were administered a trauma questionnaire and were asked to report their past-month substance use. Results: Adolescents with probable PTSD and SUD report a higher frequency of MDMA use than adolescents with no PTSD and no TE (PTSD vs. noTE: U = 510.5, p = .016; PTSD vs. TE: U = 710.0, p = .010). The use of MDMA was more frequent in adolescents with avoidance symptoms (X 2 (1) = 6.0, p = .014). Participants report using substances at a younger age (PTSD vs. noTE: U = 372.0, p = .001; PTSD vs. TE: U = 653.5, p = .022) and PTSD symptom onset was on average 2.2 years earlier than first MDMA use (t (26) = −2.89, p = .008). Conclusions: Adolescent SUD patients with probable PTSD are more likely to use MDMA than SUD patients without PTSD. The use of MDMA was associated with reported avoidance symptoms. The first age of MDMA use is initiated after PTSD onset. It is unclear whether the association of MDMA use with avoidance symptoms is due to efforts to reduce these symptoms or a result of regular MDMA use. We investigated substance use in adolescents with substance use disorders. We observed increased MDMA use and a younger age of first substance use in participants with additional PTSD. Additionally, MDMA use was associated with the presence of specific PTSD symptoms.

The current study was designed to compare negative life events, as well as coping and emotional regulation strategies among children whose mothers had depression to those whose mothers had no psychiatric history. Forty children (boys and girls), ranging in age from 7 to 12 years with at least average levels of intellectual abilties participated in the study. Children were divided into two groups: G1-Maternal depression; and G2-no psychiatric history. Individual evaluations were made using Raven and the Negative Life Events Interview. Interviews were transcribed and coping and emotional regulation strategies were classified by two independent raters (agreement of 0.81 and 0.89, respectively), based on previously determined categories. The data were compared using a Mann- Whitney U test (p≤0.05). No differences were found between the groups regarding events and coping toward stressors related with diseases and accidents. Greater use of passive waiting as an emotional regulation strategy towards everyday events was observed in G1. Data analysis showed that the groups were similar in terms of life experiences. In addition, children whose mothers were depressed used an adaptive effort strategy to cope with stressors brought about by negative life events. Keywords: coping; life events; maternal depression; emotional regulation.

Foram investigadas relações entre eventos de vida estressantes, estratégias de enfrentamento, auto-eficácia no enfrentamento e depressão em 544 participantes de um estudo sobre envelhecimento bem-sucedido com idosos residentes na comunidade (74,6% mulheres; idade = 72,11, + 8.29; 42,1% de 60 a 69 anos; 39%, de 70 a 79 e 18,9%, 80 a 99). Os eventos estressantes foram classificados nas categorias finitude, problemas dos filhos, cuidado, crise e bem-estar psicológico. As estratégias de enfrentamento geraram cinco fatores: emoções negativas, controle ambiental, religiosidade, esquiva, inibição das emoções. Auto-eficácia no enfrentamento foi avaliada como adequada x inadequada. Na CES-D, o escore médio foi 10.24 (+8.66), para nota de corte >11, e a prevalência 32%. Maior risco para depressão foi associado a emoções negativas, eventos incontroláveis, ter de 60 a 69 anos e avaliar a auto-eficácia como inadequada. Os eventos estressantes foram menos preditivos de depressão do que a avaliação cognitiva e o enfrentamento.The relationship among stressful life events, coping strategies, self-efficacy in coping and depression in 544 participants of a study on successful aging involving elderly who reside in the community was assessed (74,6% women; age = 72.11; + 8.29; 42,1% age 60-69; 39% 70-79 and 18,9% 80-99). Stressful life events were classified into categories related to: finitude, problems concerning offspring, care, crisis and psychological well-being. Coping strategies generated five factors: negative emotions, environment control, religiosity, avoidance behaviors, and emotional inhibition. Self-efficacy of coping was evaluated between appropriate versus inappropriate. Mean score of depression assessed through CES-D was 10.24, + 8,66); prevalence was 32% to a cut-off score >11. Major risk for depression was associated with negative emotions, uncontrollable events, age 60-69 and inappropiate self-efficacy of coping. The stressful life events seemed less predictive of depression than the cognitive assessment and the coping did.

This timesaving resource features: Treatment plan components for 27 behaviorally based presenting problems Over 1,000 prewritten treatment goals, objectives, and interventions?plus space to record your own treatment plan options A step-by-step guide to writing treatment plans that meet the requirements of most accrediting bodies, insurance companies, and third-party payors Includes new Evidence-Based Practice Interventions as required by many public funding sources and private insurers PracticePlanners® THE BESTSELLING TREATMENT PLANNING SYSTEM FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS The Crisis Counseling and Traumatic Events Treatment Planner, Second Edition provides all the elements necessary to quickly and easily develop formal treatment plans that satisfy the demands of HMOs, managed care companies, third-party payors, and state and federal agencies. New edition features empirically supported, evidence-based treatment interventions Organized around 27 behaviorally based presenting problems including child abuse and neglect, adult and child suicide, job loss, disaster, PTSD, sexual assault, school trauma including bullying, sudden and accidental death, and workplace violence Over 1,000 prewritten treatment goals, objectives, and interventions?plus space to record your own treatment plan options Easy-to-use reference format helps locate treatment plan components by behavioral problem Includes a sample treatment plan that conforms to the requirements of most third-party payors and accrediting agencies including CARF, The Joint Commission (TJC), COA, and the NCQA Additional resources in the PracticePlanners® series: Documentation Sourcebooks provide the forms and records that mental health professionals need to efficiently run their practice. Homework Planners feature behaviorally based, ready-to-use assignments to speed treatment and keep clients engaged between sessions. For more information on our PracticePlanners®, including our full line of Treatment Planners, visit us on the Web at: www.wiley.com/practiceplanners

Objective: To analyze the meaning of dementia by those affected by it, and to give them a voice. Material and methods: Descriptive phenomenology through interviews with people of both genders who are over 50 years old and living in Tarragona (Spain), with a diagnosis of mild or moderate dementia, mainly related to Alzheimer’s disease. Results: Three main themes emerged: 1) normalization of memory loss in early stages as part of the natural aging process; 2) self-awareness of progressive memory decline, which is concealed from others, and 3) adaptation processes and strategies to coexist with their condition after diagnosis. Conclusions: The most evident features were the lack of specialized infrastructures within the health system in terms of care, prevention programs, and early detection. Objetivo: Analisar o significado que a doença adquire para as pessoas afetadas pela demência, dando voz a elas. Material e Métodos: Abordagem da fenomenologia descritiva por meio de entrevistas com pessoas residentes em Tarragona (Espanha) com diagnóstico de demência leve ou moderada, principalmente doença do tipo Alzheimer de ambos os sexos e com mais de 50 anos. Resultados: Surgiram três grandes temas: 1) Normalização da perda de memória em fases incipientes relacionadas ao processo natural de envelhecimento; 2) Autopercepção de que existe um problema de memória que se esconde do ambiente; 3) Processo de adaptação e estratégias de aprendizado para conviver com sua condição após o diagnóstico. Conclusões: A falta de infra-estruturas especializadas no sistema de saúde, programas de prevenção e detecção precoce são os aspectos mais evidentes. Objetivo: analizar el significado que adquiere la enfermedad para las personas afectadas por Demencia, proporcionándoles voz. Material y métodos: aproximación a la fenomenología descriptiva a través de entrevistas a personas de ambos sexos y mayores de 50 años residentes en Tarragona (España) con un diagnóstico de Demencia leve o moderada, principalmente enfermedad tipo Alzheimer. Resultados: surgieron tres grandes temáticas: 1) normalización de la pérdida de memoria en fases incipientes en relación al proceso natural de envejecimiento; 2) autopercepción de que existe un problema de memoria instaurándose que se disimula frente a su entorno y 3) procesos de adaptación y aprendizaje de estrategias para convivir con su condición tras el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: la falta de infraestructuras especializadas dentro del sistema sanitario en materia de cuidados, programas de prevención y detección precoz son los aspectos más evidentes remarcados.