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The purpose of this study was to examine the role of students' social goal orientation and academic help seeking behavior on their mathematics achievement. Data were collected from 930 Grade 8 primary school students in Ethiopia. The data were analyzed using the Smart-PLS software, specifically the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the expected 2-factor structure of social goal orientation and the 3-factor structure of academic help seeking behavior. The results of structural equation modeling analyses indicated that (a) social goal orientation positively predicted both academic help-seeking behavior and mathematics achievement, and (b) academic help seeking behavior had a significant positive impact on mathematics achievement. The research highlights the importance of social goal orientations and academic help seeking behavior in order to understand students' behavior and achievement in school. Moreover, the result confirmed that students' academic help seeking behavior is more academically related behavior, which boosts learning and achievement. Therefore, the results provide evidence to suggest that researchers and practitioners should focus on improving students' social goal orientation and academic help-seeking behavior, which, in turn, would enhance their academic achievement.

Executive dysfunction, including working memory deficits, is prominent in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and can impede treatment effectiveness. Intervention approaches that target executive dysfunction alongside standard PTSD treatments could boost clinical response. The current study reports secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial testing combined PTSD treatment with a computerized training program to improve executive dysfunction. We assessed if pre-treatment neurocognitive substrates of executive functioning predicted clinical response to this novel intervention. Treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD ( = 60) completed a working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging prior to being randomized to six weeks of computerized executive function training (five 30-minute sessions each week) plus twelve 50-minute sessions of cognitive processing therapy (CEFT + CPT) or placebo training plus CPT (PT + CPT). Using linear mixed effects models, we examined the extent to which the neurocognitive substrates of executive functioning predicted PTSD treatment response. Results indicated that veterans with greater activation of working memory regions (e.g. lateral prefrontal and cingulate cortex) had better PTSD symptom improvement trajectories in CEFT + CPT PT + CPT. Those with less neural activation during working memory showed similar trajectories of PTSD symptom change regardless of treatment condition. Greater activity of frontal regions implicated in working memory may serve as a biomarker of response to a novel treatment in veterans with PTSD. Individuals with greater regional responsiveness benefited more from treatment that targeted cognitive dysfunction than treatment that did not include active cognitive training. Clinically, findings could inform our understanding of treatment mechanisms and may contribute to better personalization of treatment.

Traumatic stressors during childhood and adolescence are associated with psychopathology, mostly studied in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We investigated broader associations of traumatic stress exposure with psychopathology and cognition in a youth community sample. The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9498) is an investigation of clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes in a diverse (56% Caucasian, 33% African American, 11% other) US youth community population (aged 8-21). Participants were ascertained through children's hospital pediatric (not psychiatric) healthcare network in 2009-2011. Structured psychiatric evaluation included screening for lifetime exposure to traumatic stressors, and a neurocognitive battery was administered. Exposure rate to traumatic stressful events was high (none, N = 5204; one, N = 2182; two, N = 1092; three or more, N = 830). Higher stress load was associated with increased psychopathology across all clinical domains evaluated: mood/anxiety (standardized β = .378); psychosis spectrum (β = .360); externalizing behaviors (β = .311); and fear (β = .256) (controlling for covariates, all p < 0.001). Associations remained significant controlling for lifetime PTSD and depression. Exposure to high-stress load was robustly associated with suicidal ideation and cannabis use (odds ratio compared with non-exposed 5.3 and 3.2, respectively, both p < 0.001). Among youths who experienced traumatic stress (N = 4104), history of assaultive trauma was associated with greater psychopathology and, in males, vulnerability to psychosis and externalizing symptoms. Stress load was negatively associated with performance on executive functioning, complex reasoning, and social cognition. Traumatic stress exposure in community non-psychiatric help-seeking youth is substantial, and is associated with more severe psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits across domains, beyond PTSD and depression.

Objective:Research has indicated that racial and ethnic minoritized groups in the United States are disproportionately affected by dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), and seek help (HS) later in the disease course, if at all. It has also been posited that individuals from different ethno-racial groups have divergent perceptions of the aging process, which may influence HS. These disparities warrant tailored preventive efforts to encourage identification of factors which contribute to HS to enable earlier psychoeducation and enhanced access to resources. The factors which influence HS may differ across ethnoracial groups. Here we examine the relative influence of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a risk factor for AD, and aging perceptions to HS in these groups.Participants and Methods:The current sample consisted of 161 healthy older adults (51 Male, 110 Female), aged 51 to 92 (M=73.43, SD=6.85) with a mean education of 16 years (SD=2.3 years) who performed > -1.5 SD on clinical neuropsychological testing. 26.7% of the sample self-reported as race/ethnic minorities (e.g., Hispanic or Non-Hispanic African American, Asian, Other.) Participants completed a 20-item SCD questionnaire assessing perceived cognitive difficulties in comparison to same aged peers, in addition to measures assessing HS behavior, (e.g., Have you gone to the doctor specifically for memory concerns?), and aging perceptions (e.g., older adulthood group identification, explicit stereotypes, essentialism). Point biserial correlations examined relationships between SCD, HS and aging perceptions, and multinomial logistic regressions examined the contribution of SCD and aging perceptions to HS across majority (White) and minoritized groups (Non-White participants).Results:In bivariate analyses of the White participant group, HS was associated with SCD (r=0.43, p<0.001) and age group identification (r=0.27, p<0.01), and the latter were also associated (r=-0.19, p<0.05). The logistic regression model correctly classified 86% of participants (same as null), explaining a relatively small proportion of variance in HS, Snell R2 = 0.09, Nagelkerke’s R2 = 0.16. Age group identification was not associated with HS (b=-0.02, SE=0.26, p=0.94, 95% CI [0.59, 1.63] but SCD was (p=0.04). In the non-White group (n=42), bivariate analyses showed that HS was associated with essentialism (r=-0.41, p<0.01; belief aging as a fixed and inevitable process)) and explicit stereotypes (r=-0.42, p<0.01) but not with SCD (r=0.21, p=0.19). SCD was also associated with essentialism (p=-0.32, p<0.05), stereotypes (p=0.32, p<0.05), and age group identification (r=0.38, p<0.01). The regression model correctly classified 88.9% of participants (same as null); neither SCD (p=0.39), explicit stereotypes (p=0.43), essentialism (p=0.72), nor age group identification (p=0.62) contributed to HS when all were considered.Conclusions:When both SCD and age perceptions are examined together as predictors of HS, SCD alone predicts HS in the majority group. Neither construct predicts HS in the minoritized group—despite significant bivariate associations between HS, aging perceptions and SCD that varied across ethno-racial groups. Findings illustrate that SCD and aging perceptions may contribute differently to HS across ethno-racial groups in the US, and as such may indicate different priorities when implementing HS tools (e.g., screeners for detection of cognitive impairment). Ongoing work is addressing illness perceptions, another key barrier in HS in these groups to further inform on tailoring of services.

Background ViewMind Atlas™ detects patients with or at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high precision (Fernandez et al., 2022). It incorporates a head‐mounted display (HMD), which measures eye‐tracking behaviors during five validated visual tasks. The biomarker identifies carriers of autosomal dominant mutations in preclinical and prodromal stages and prospectively predicts, with over 96% accuracy, sporadic MCI to AD conversion within a 3‐year window (Parra et al., 2022). ViewMind Atlas™ correlates with blood‐based biomarkers linked to inflammatory mechanisms in preclinical AD (Parra et al. (2024). We investigated the psychometric properties of this promising neurocognitive biomarker in a prospective clinical study (clinicaltrials.gov, ID NCT06746844). Methods Participants with and without cognitive complaints (n = 141) were assessed with ViewMind Atlas™, MoCA, and neuropsychological tests. We explored test‐retest reliability using Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) (n = 27, Age: 59.7±9.2, Education 14.7±4, 22 female), construct validity using Pearson correlations (whole sample aged 45–95 years ), and Discriminability between self (n = 48) vs clinic referrals (n = 41) (Age: 66.2±10, Education 13±7.7, 65 female) using t‐tests. Results All ViewMind Atlas™'s domains (Working Memory, Perception, Processing Speed, Sustained Attention, Selective Attention, Executive Function, and the overall Composite) showed high test‐retest agreement (W range: 0.82‐0.89, all p < 0.05). ViewMind metrics significantly correlated with neuropsychological tests of equivalent constructs (Executive Function vs. MoCA Executive, r=0.329, p <0.01, Sustained Attention vs. MoCA Attention, r=0.354, p <0.01; Processing Speed vs. DSST, r=0.548, p <0.01, Working Memory vs. ROFC, r=0.3836, p <0.01). Self‐referrals presented with a more pronounced amnesic and dysexecutive profile than clinic‐referrals, as informed by ViewMind Atlas™ and traditional assessments. Conclusion ViewMind Atlas™ is psychometrically valid. Its test‐retest reliability confirms its usefulness for serial testing. Its convergent validity relative to traditional neuropsychological tests endorses the proposed constructs and the theory‐driven nature of this novel neurocognitive biomarker. ViewMind Atlas™ discriminability (self vs clinic referrals) confirms its clinical utility in assessing older adults worried about their brain health who seek healthcare. References: 1. Fernandez et al. (2022). Alzheimers Dement, doi: 10.1002/alz.066784. 2. Parra et al. (2022). Alzheimers Dement (Amst). doi: 10.1002/dad2.12386 3. Parra et al. (2024). JPAD, 17th CTAD Proceedings, 12, 100061 (LP052), pp. 103.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with cognitive deficits but little is known to what degree this is caused by genetically influenced traits, i.e. endophenotypes, present before the onset of the disorder. The aim of the current study was to investigate to what degree family history (FH) of AUD is associated with cognitive functions. Case-control cross-sectional study at an outpatient addiction research clinic. Treatment-seeking AUD patients (n = 106) were compared to healthy controls (HC; n = 90), matched for age and sex. The HC group was further subdivided into AUD FH positive (FH+; n = 47) or negative (FH-; n = 39) based on the Family Tree Questionnaire. Participants underwent psychiatric and substance use assessments, completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and performed a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests assessing response inhibition, decision making, attention, working memory, and emotional recognition. Compared to HC, AUD patients exhibited elevated self-rated impulsivity (p < 0.001; d = 0.62), as well as significantly poorer response inhibition (p = 0.001; d = 0.51), attention (p = 0.021; d = 0.38) and information gathering in decision making (p = 0.073; d = 0.34). Similar to AUD patients, FH+ individuals exhibited elevated self-rated impulsivity (p = 0.096; d = 0.46), and in addition significantly worse future planning capacity (p < 0.001; d = 0.76) and prolonged emotional recognition response time (p = 0.010; d = 0.60) compared to FH-, while no other significant differences were found between FH+ and FH-. Elevated impulsivity, poor performance in future planning and emotional processing speed may be potential cognitive endophenotypes in AUD. These cognitive domains represent putative targets for prevention strategies and treatment of AUD.

Objectives Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults with no cure. Early detection and intervention are critical for improving patient outcomes. However, behavioral intentions to seek early detection of AD (BI-SEDAD) remain low. Illness representations, referring to individuals’ beliefs about illness, may influence BI-SEDAD. This study aimed to investigate the associations between illness representations and BI-SEDAD among Chinese older adults, and potential sex differences in these associations. Methods A survey was conducted among 509 Chinese older adults. Participants completed the assessment of BI-SEDAD and illness representations of AD. Moderation analyses were conducted using SPSS PROCESS. Results Consequences ( β  = 0.26), timeline ( β  = 0.23), illness identity ( β  = 0.22), illness coherence ( β  = 0.21), illness concern ( β  = 0.22), and emotional representations ( β  = 0.24) were positively associated with BI-SEDAD, whereas treatment control was negatively associated ( β = − 0.10). Moreover, sex significantly moderated the associations between BI-SEDAD and consequences ( β = − 0.20), treatment control ( β  = 0.21), illness identity ( β = − 0.17), illness coherence ( β = − 0.25), and illness concern ( β = − 0.26). Specifically, the associations between BI-SEDAD and consequences, illness identity, illness coherence, and illness concern were stronger in males than in females. The association between BI-SEDAD and treatment control was significant only in males. Conclusions Illness representations are important predictors of BI-SEDAD, with notable sex differences. Tailored interventions that address key beliefs and consider sex differences may promote early detection in older populations.

While emotional dysregulation is a broad construct, the current paper adopts a narrow approach to facilitate translational neuroscience research on pediatric anxiety. The paper first presents data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task and then integrates these data into a research framework. Data on an adapted version of the antisaccade task were collected in 57 youth, including 35 seeking treatment for an anxiety disorder. Associations were examined between performance on the antisaccade task and (a) age, (b) performance on other cognitive-control tasks (i.e., the stop-signal delay and flanker tasks), and (c) level of anxiety symptoms. Better performance on the antisaccade task occurred in older relative to younger subjects and correlated with better performance on the flanker task. Across the 57 youth, higher levels of anxiety correlated with shorter latency for correct antisaccades. These data can be placed within a three-step framework for translational neuroscience research. In the first step, a narrow index of emotion dysregulation is targeted. In the second step, this narrow index is linked to other correlated indicators of the same underlying narrow latent construct. In the third and final step, associations are examined with clinical outcomes and response to treatment.

To identify Gambling Disorder (GD) subtypes, in a population of men seeking treatment for GD, according to specific executive function domains (i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibition and working memory as well as decision making) which are usually impaired in addictive behaviors. A total of 145 males ranging from 18 to 65 years diagnosed with GD were included in this study. All participants completed: (a) a set of questionnaires to assess psychopathological symptoms, personality and impulsivity traits, and (b) a battery of neuropsychological measures to test different executive functioning domains. Two clusters were identified based on the individual performance on the neuropsychological assessment. Cluster 1 [ n  = 106; labeled as Low Impaired Executive Function (LIEF)] was composed by patients with poor results in the neuropsychological assessment; cluster 2 patients [ n  = 46; labeled as High Impaired Executive Function (HIEF)] presented significantly higher deficits on the assessed domains and performed worse than the ones of LIEF cluster. Regarding the characterization of these two clusters, patients in cluster 2 were significantly older, unemployed and registered higher mean age of GD onset than patients in cluster 1. Additionally, patients in cluster 2 also obtained higher psychopathological symptoms, impulsivity (in both positive and negative urgency as well as sensation seeking) and some specific personality traits (higher harm avoidance as well as lower self-directedness and cooperativeness) than patients in cluster 1. The results of this study describe two different GD subtypes based on different cognitive domains (i.e., executive function performance). These two GD subtypes display different impulsivity and personality traits as well as clinical symptoms. The results provide new insight into the etiology and characterization of GD and have the potential to help improving current treatments.

Although there are extensive data on clinical psychopathology in youth with suicidal ideation, data are lacking regarding their neurocognitive function. To characterise the cognitive profile of youth with suicidal ideation in a community sample and evaluate gender differences and pubertal status effects. Participants (N = 6151, age 11-21 years, 54.9% females) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a non-help-seeking community sample, underwent detailed clinical evaluation. Cognitive phenotyping included executive functioning, episodic memory, complex reasoning and social cognitive functioning. We compared participants with suicidal ideation (N = 672) and without suicidal ideation (N = 5479). Regression models were employed to evaluate differences in cognitive performance and functional level, with gender and pubertal status as independent variables. Models controlled for lifetime depression or general psychopathology, and for covariates including age and socioeconomic status. Youth with suicidal ideation showed greater psychopathology, poorer level of function but better overall neurocognitive performance. Greater functional impairment was observed in females with suicidal ideation (suicidal ideation × gender interaction, t = 3.091, P = 0.002). Greater neurocognition was associated with suicidal ideation post-puberty (suicidal ideation × puberty interaction, t = 3.057, P = 0.002). Exploratory analyses of specific neurocognitive domains showed that suicidal ideation-associated cognitive superiority was more prominent in post-pubertal males compared with females (Cohen's d = 0.32 and d = 0.11, respectively) across all cognitive domains. Suicidal ideation was associated with poorer functioning yet better cognitive performance, especially in post-pubertal males, as measured by a comprehensive cognitive battery. Findings point to gender and pubertal-status specificity in the relationship between suicidal ideation, cognition and function in youth. R.B. serves on the scientific board and reports stock ownership in 'Taliaz Health', with no conflict of interest relevant to this work. M.A.O. receives royalties for the commercial use of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale from the Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene. Her family owns stock in Bristol-Myers Squibb. All other authors declare no potential conflict of interest.