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Treadmill belt accelerations may not accurately replicate kinematic responses to tripping on an obstacle in older people
Treadmill belt perturbations have high clinical feasibility for use in perturbation-based training in older people, but their kinematic validity is unclear. This study examined the kinematic validity of treadmill belt accelerations as a surrogate for overground walkway trips during gait in older people.
Thirty-eight community-dwelling older people were exposed to two unilateral belt accelerations (8 m s-2) whilst walking on a split-belt treadmill and two trips induced by a 14 cm trip-board whilst walking on a walkway with condition presentation randomised. Anteroposterior margin of stability (MoS), number of falls, and trunk and lower limb kinematics were quantified for the step prior and five recovery steps following the treadmill perturbations and the walkway trips which elicited elevating and lowering strategies.
Rates of falls following the treadmill accelerations and walkway trips were 0% and 13.1%, respectively. MoS was similar during the first recovery step (P>0.05) but less negative during subsequent recovery steps following treadmill belt accelerations than walkway trips (P<0.01) regardless of recovery strategy. Excluding the first recovery step in the lowering strategy, recovery step lengths, toe clearance, maximum trunk, hip and knee angles (P<0.05) were smaller during recovery on the treadmill compared to the walkway.
Destabilisation by treadmill belt accelerations quickly dissipated after only one recovery step but continued for multiple recovery steps following walkway trips. Smaller trunk displacement, step lengths, toe clearance and no falls on the treadmill indicate treadmill belt accelerations may not accurately simulate the biomechanical challenge of obstacle-induced trips in older people.
Journal Article
Agreement between the spatiotemporal gait parameters from two different wearable devices and high-speed video analysis
This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent validity of two different inertial measurement units for measuring spatiotemporal parameters during running on a treadmill, by comparing data with a high-speed video analysis (VA) at 1,000 Hz. Forty-nine endurance runners performed a running protocol on a treadmill at comfortable velocity (i.e., 3.25 ± 0.36 m.s-1). Those wearable devices (i.e., Stryd™ and RunScribe™ systems) were compared to a high-speed VA, as a reference system for measuring spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. contact time [CT], flight time [FT], step frequency [SF] and step length [SL]) during running at comfortable velocity. The pairwise comparison revealed that the Stryd™ system underestimated CT (5.2%, p < 0.001) and overestimated FT (15.1%, p < 0.001) compared to the VA; whereas the RunScribe™ system underestimated CT (2.3%, p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed in SF and SL between the wearable devices and VA. The intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed an almost perfect association between both systems and high-speed VA (ICC > 0.81). The Bland-Altman plots revealed heteroscedasticity of error (r2 = 0.166) for the CT from the Stryd™ system, whereas no heteroscedasticity of error (r2 < 0.1) was revealed in the rest of parameters. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that both foot pods are valid tools for measuring spatiotemporal parameters during running on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. If the limits of agreement of both systems are considered in respect to high-speed VA, the RunScribe™ seems to be a more accurate system for measuring temporal parameters and SL than the Stryd™ system.
Journal Article
Gait variability of outdoor vs treadmill walking with bilateral robotic ankle exoskeletons under proportional myoelectric control
Lower limb robotic exoskeletons are often studied in the context of steady-state treadmill walking in laboratory environments. However, the end goal of these devices is often adoption into our everyday lives. To move outside of the laboratory, there is a need to study exoskeletons in real world, complex environments. One way to study the human-machine interaction is to look at how the exoskeleton affects the user’s gait. In this study we assessed changes in gait spatiotemporal variability when using a robotic ankle exoskeleton under proportional myoelectric control both inside on a treadmill and outside overground. We hypothesized that walking with the exoskeletons would not lead to significant changes in variability inside on a treadmill or outside compared to not using the exoskeletons. In addition, we hypothesized that walking outside would lead to higher variability both with and without the exoskeletons compared to treadmill walking. In support of our hypothesis, we found significantly higher coefficients of variation of stride length, stance time, and swing time when walking outside both with and without the exoskeleton. We found a significantly higher variability when using the exoskeletons inside on the treadmill, but we did not see significantly higher variability when walking outside overground. The value of this study to the literature is that it emphasizes the importance of studying exoskeletons in the environment in which they are meant to be used. By looking at only indoor gait spatiotemporal measures, we may have assumed that the exoskeletons led to higher variability which may be unsafe for certain target populations. In the context of the literature, we show that variability due to robotic ankle exoskeletons under proportional myoelectric control does not elicit different changes in stride time variability than previously found in other daily living tasks (uneven terrain, load carriage, or cognitive tasks).
Journal Article
Freeweight training anatomy : an illustrated guide to the muscles used while exercising with dumbbells, barbells, kettlebells and more
\"Picturing hundreds of step-by-step exercises and clearly colored muscle illustrations, Freeweight Training Anatomy reveals precisely which muscle groups are being built, stretched and sculpted in every workout. This extensive anatomy and fitness guide is the ultimate resource for creating smart, balanced fitness routines that employ barbells, dumbbells, kettlebells, sandbags and even your own bodyweight.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Comparison of vertical ground reaction forces during overground and treadmill running. A validation study
Background
One major drawback in measuring ground-reaction forces during running is that it is time consuming to get representative ground-reaction force (GRF) values with a traditional force platform. An instrumented force measuring treadmill can overcome the shortcomings inherent to overground testing. The purpose of the current study was to determine the validity of an instrumented force measuring treadmill for measuring vertical ground-reaction force parameters during running.
Methods
Vertical ground-reaction forces of experienced runners (12 male, 12 female) were obtained during overground and treadmill running at slow, preferred and fast self-selected running speeds. For each runner, 7 mean vertical ground-reaction force parameters of the right leg were calculated based on five successful overground steps and 30 seconds of treadmill running data. Intraclass correlations (ICC
(3,1)
) and ratio limits of agreement (RLOA) were used for further analysis.
Results
Qualitatively, the overground and treadmill ground-reaction force curves for heelstrike runners and non-heelstrike runners were very similar. Quantitatively, the time-related parameters and active peak showed excellent agreement (ICCs between 0.76 and 0.95, RLOA between 5.7% and 15.5%). Impact peak showed modest agreement (ICCs between 0.71 and 0.76, RLOA between 19.9% and 28.8%). The maximal and average loading-rate showed modest to excellent ICCs (between 0.70 and 0.89), but RLOA were higher (between 34.3% and 45.4%).
Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrated that the treadmill is a moderate to highly valid tool for the assessment of vertical ground-reaction forces during running for runners who showed a consistent landing strategy during overground and treadmill running. The high stride-to-stride variance during both overground and treadmill running demonstrates the importance of measuring sufficient steps for representative ground-reaction force values. Therefore, an instrumented treadmill seems to be suitable for measuring representative vertical ground-reaction forces during running.
Journal Article
Maximal Fat Oxidation: Comparison between Treadmill, Elliptical and Rowing Exercises
Fat oxidation during exercise is associated with cardio-metabolic benefits, but the extent of which whole-body exercise modality elicits the greatest fat oxidation remains unclear. We investigated the effects of treadmill, elliptical and rowing exercise on fat oxidation in healthy individuals. Nine healthy males participated in three, peak oxygen consumption tests, on a treadmill, elliptical and rowing ergometer. Indirect calorimetry was used to assess maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates, and the exercise intensity MFO occurred (Fatmax). Mixed venous blood was collected to assess lactate and blood gases concentrations. While V̇O2peak was similar between exercise modalities, MFO rates were higher on the treadmill (mean ± SD; 0.61 ± 0.06 g·min-1) compared to both the elliptical (0.41 ± 0.08 g·min-1, p = 0.022) and the rower (0.40 ± 0.08 g·min-1, p = 0.017). Fatmax values were also significantly higher on the treadmill (56.0 ± 6.2 %V̇O2peak) compared to both the elliptical (36.8 ± 5.4 %V̇O2peak, p = 0.049) and rower (31.6 ± 5.0 %V̇O2peak, p = 0.021). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were also significantly lower following treadmill exercise (p = 0.021). Exercising on a treadmill maximizes fat oxidation to a greater extent than elliptical and rowing exercises, and remains an important exercise modality to improve fat oxidation, and consequently, cardio-metabolic health.
Journal Article