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Oil is the “blood” and economic lifeblood of modern industry, but traditional light crude oil has been over-consumed, and it has been difficult to meet human demand for energy, so the exploitation of heavy oil is particularly important. In this paper, an oil-soluble catalyst was synthesized to catalyze the pyrolysis reaction of heavy oil in collaboration with reservoir minerals, so as to achieve efficient viscosity reduction of heavy oil and reduce production costs. The experimental results showed that Zn(II)O + K had the best synergistic viscosity reduction effect after the aquathermolysis of No. 1 oil sample under the reaction conditions of 180 °C, 4 h, 30% of water, and 0.2% of catalyst, respectively, and the viscosity reduction rate was 61.74%. Under the catalysis of the isopropanol system, the viscosity reduction rate was increased to 91.22%. A series of characterizations such as freezing point, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC analysis, component analysis, gas chromatography, wax crystal morphology analysis, and GC-MS analysis of aqueous organic matter were carried out on heavy oil after reaction by different reaction systems, and it could be verified that the viscosity of heavy oil was reduced. Finally, through the study of the reaction mechanism of the model compound, combined with the aqueous phase analysis, it can be clearly found that the depolymerization between macromolecules, the breaking of heteroatom chains, hydrogenation, ring opening, and other effects mainly occur during the reaction, thereby weakening the van der Waals force and hydrogen bond of the recombinant interval, inhibiting the formation of grid structure in heavy oil and effectively reducing the viscosity of heavy oil.

Feed enzymes have been extensively used in livestock diets to enhance nutrient digestion and promote their growth performance. Indeed, recent research has indicated that feed enzymes, notably phytase, protease, and xylanase, function as catalysts, facilitating the breakdown of phytic acid, proteins, and β-1,4-xylan bonds and offering prospective advantages linked to the intestinal well-being and microbiota of young pigs and chickens. Various feed enzymes are currently being added to the diets of swine and broiler chickens. The potential enzymes used in the feed industry include cellulase, β-mannanase, β-glucanases, xylanases, phytases, proteases, lipases, and galactosidases. Though significant research has been conducted on phytase, protease, and xylanase, consistent findings, particularly in terms of improving nutrient digestibility and promoting growth performance of monogastric animals, are still limited. Also, the outcome of recent studies raises the question whether phytase and xylanase could play functional roles beyond increasing nutrient digestibility and intestinal health, such as positively modulating the intestinal microbiota and reducing environmental problems. Therefore, in this review we aimed to address the functional roles of exogenous enzyme activities in monogastric animal diets. Also, we sought to explore the advantages of these enzymes in enhancing the nutritional value of both alternative and conventional feedstuffs.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of exogenous drivers that seeks to foster endogenous resilience and climate adaptation policy and practice in developing countries. It particularly examines the role of Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network as an exogenous driver that sought to sustain urban climate adaptation and resilience agenda in a secondary city in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach The research combines fieldworks and desktop research. Primary data collection includes participant observation, unstructured interviews with city stakeholders and project managers, semi-structured interviews with local communities and literature reviews. This research also used an ethnographic field research approach. Findings Exogenous drivers have temporarily fostered climate change adaptation at city level, but the question remains is how can international actors effectively create a meaningful transformation toward urban resilience in developing countries like Indonesia. Exogenous drivers can play significant roles as a catalyst for urban adaptation planning, including undertaking vulnerability assessment and city resilience strategy and implementing adaptation actions, and facilitates risk management. Further processes for mainstreaming climate adaptation and disaster reduction depend on how receptive and responsive local actors to co-facilitate and co-lead urban resilience buildings and development. Originality/value There is still lack of documented knowledge on local institutional change and policy making processes. This research shows challenges and opportunities in institutionalising urban climate adaptation and risk management agenda. It further shows that genesis of endogenous adaptation cannot be separated from the exogenous climate adaptation processes as well as internal dynamic of urban governance in developing world.