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Exporting firms often enter foreign markets that are similar to their previous export destinations. We develop a dynamic model in which a firm’s exports in a market may depend on how similar the market is to the firm’s home country (gravity) and to its previous export destinations (extended gravity). Given the large number of export paths from which forward-looking firms may choose, we use a moment inequality approach to estimate our model. Our estimates indicate that sharing similarities with a prior export destination in terms of geographic location, language, and income per capita jointly reduces the cost of foreign market entry by 69–90%. Reductions due to geographic location (25–38%) and language (29–36%) have the largest effect. Extended gravity thus has a large impact on export entry costs.

Crises come and go, but it is good if, from the perspective of the past, we can point to some positives of the crisis that has just passed. Indeed, in the article we first find a snapshot of the export activity of the Polish economy in recent years, a picture which is positive, despite the very serious crises in the global economy. This picture may not be complete due to the scope of the study, but it shows what is most important in author opinion – our place in the international division of labor over the last 15 years. This place has steadily improved, with particularly spectacular increases in importance observed during the years of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. The second section of the article presents an analysis of agri-food exports in a broader time frame, dating back to the 2000s. It aims to highlight the rise of agri-food exports as a proportion of GDP and total exports. Equally fascinating is the geographical and commodity structure and the mportance of Polish agri-food imports in the total of those made by selected countries. As a result, an interesting picture of Polish agri-food exports appears to have emerged, allowing positive assessments to be formulated. Quite optimistic prognoses for the future are also noticeable.

As the exchange rate, foreign demand, and production costs evolve, domestic producers are continually faced with two choices: whether to be an exporter and, if so, how much to export. We develop a dynamic structural model of export supply that characterizes these two decisions. The model embodies plant-level heterogeneity in export profits, uncertainty about the determinants of future profits, and market entry costs for new exporters. Using a Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov chain estimator, we fit this model to plant-level panel data on three Colombian manufacturing industries. We obtain profit function and sunk entry cost coefficients, and use them to simulate export responses to shifts in the exchange-rate process and several types of export subsidies. In each case, the aggregate export response depends on entry costs, expectations about the exchange rate process, prior exporting experience, and producer heterogeneity. Export revenue subsidies are far more effective at stimulating exports than policies that subsidize entry costs.

Little is known in the literature about dynamic export pricing, and particularly how the external environment interacts with a firm’s export pricing decisions and its long-term effect on export sales. Therefore, this study develops a longitudinal framework to examine the quadratic effect of dynamic export pricing and its interaction with customer/competitive turbulence on export sales. By employing product-level longitudinal data, the authors also estimate the lagged effect from past dynamic export pricing and export sales while simultaneously controlling for endogeneity and unknown firm heterogeneity. The results indicate that dynamic export pricing appears to have inverted quadratic effects on export sales; this quadratic relationship is moderated by customer turbulence and competitive turbulence. The authors also focus on the changes of the curve and shifts of the turning point and delineate the fit lines that pinpoint the optimal dynamic export pricing in different export markets. Finally, previous actions and outcomes significantly influence the following year’s export sales, which explains the long-term relationships.

Riverine outflow is one of the major pathways for microplastic transportation to coastal environments. Research on the output of microplastics in small- or medium-sized rivers will help accurately understand the status of their marine loads. In this study, we used both trawling and pumping methods to collect microplastics of different sizes in the Jiulong River Estuary and Xiamen Bay. We found that the abundance of small microplastics (44 μm–5.0 mm) was at least 20 times higher than the large particles (0.33–5.0 mm). The abundance of the large particles ranges from 4.96 to 16.3 particles/m 3 , and that of the small particles ranged from 82.8 to 918 particles/m 3 . Granule was the dominant shape (>60%), and polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most common components. The riverine flux of small microplastics (44 μm–5 mm, 472 ± 230 t/y) was at a medium level and was eight times greater than that of large particles (0.33–5.0 mm, 61.2 ± 2.6 t/y). The behavior of the large microplastics was relatively conservative, whose abundance had a significant correlation with salinity ( R 2 = 0.927) and was mainly influenced by physical factors. In contrast, results of statistical analysis revealed that more complicated factors influenced the small microplastics.

We construct an empirically supported definition of incidental and perennial exporting and investigate to what extent incidental exporting is a steady-state of firms, to what extent incidental exporters are distinguishable from non-exporters and perennial exporters and which factors explain the switching of export status. Our findings point at a Melitz (Econometrica 71(6): 1695–1725, 2003) type productivity sorting pattern, where perennial exporters are more productive than incidental exporters which are in turn more productive than non-exporters. However, incidental exporting seems to be a temporary state for the large majority of firms on their way to either becoming a perennial exporter or exiting foreign markets altogether. For only a relatively small group of firms, the intermittent exporters, incidental exporting—typically shipping one product to one country every few years—seems to be business as usual. Labor productivity shows to be a key factor in the process of moving from incidental exporting to perennial exporting. Particularly expanding the export portfolio along the extensive margin adds to the robustness of the firm’s export status, even though growth along the intensive margin also cements a firm’s position on foreign markets.

In this study, a nonlinear dynamical system is developed to analyze the dynamics of Indian exports to USA, the US tariff rate on Indian goods, and the competitiveness of India’s export sector. The model is formulated as a three-dimensional system of differential equations that incorporates logistic growth in exports, tariff adjustments driven by trade imbalances, and the evolution of competitiveness shaped by innovation, productivity, and global demand. Each equation reflects a distinct economic mechanism: nonlinear export growth under capacity constraints, tariffs as feedback responses, and competitiveness as an adaptive dynamic. Analytical investigation reveals the existence of an interior equilibrium and provides conditions for its local asymptotic stability using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. The resulting stability condition is used to derive a parameter-dependent stability region in the competitiveness–tariff space. Phase portraits and contour plots illustrate the system’s dynamic behavior under various policy scenarios. Numerical simulations further reveal threshold effects in export sustainability and identify parameter regions where small tariff adjustments destabilize trade flows. The findings underscore critical policy implications, suggesting that adaptive tariff strategies and sustained competitiveness are essential for maintaining India’s trade stability under evolving US tariff regimes.

The dynamics of imports plus exports of 226 product classes by the G7 countries between 1962 and 2000 is described in terms of stochastic differential equations. The model allows interesting comparisons among the different economies related to the compositions of the national baskets. Synthetic solutions can also be used to estimate hidden and unexploited growth potentials. These prerogatives are strictly connected with the fact that a network structure is at the basis of the model. Such a network expresses the mutual influences of different products through resource transfers, and is a key ingredient producing cooperative growth effects which can be quantified and distinguished from those generated by deterministic drifts and representing direct resource inputs. An analysis of this network, which differs substantially from those previously considered within the economic complexity approach, allows to estimate the centrality of different products in each national basket, highlighting the most essential commodities for each economy. Solutions of the model give the possibility of performing counterfactual analyses aimed at estimating how much the growth of each country could have profited from a general strengthening, or weakening, of the links in the same products network.

This systematic review analyzes the global and South African orange industries, with a focus on their competitive landscape and market dynamics. Oranges, which were initially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills, have evolved into the most widely produced fruit globally, characterized by significant production and export volumes. Employing a systematic literature review methodology, this study consolidates findings from research conducted between 2000 and 2023, highlighting challenges such as disease outbreaks, climate change, market regulations, and the increasing significance of sustainability in consumer preferences. The analysis identifies North America, particularly the United States, as the leader in the global orange market, while the Asia Pacific region demonstrates a rising demand for orange juice. South Africa, which boasts a rich citrus heritage dating back to 1654, exports the majority of its orange production but confronts challenges related to compliance with international standards and intensifying global competition. The review assesses critical factors influencing the industry, including the utilization of natural resources, regulatory frameworks, and government support. The findings underscore the necessity for innovative strategies and sustainable practices to sustain competitiveness. The study concludes with practical recommendations for stakeholders, advocating for enhanced research and development, improved disease management, and diversification into value-added products to meet evolving market demands. This review offers valuable insights for policymakers, industry participants, and researchers seeking to promote resilience and growth within the orange sector.

This paper empirically investigates the key firm- and industry-specific restrictions to the performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in services trade. For this purpose, we use firm-level data from firms in France operating in different services sectors over the time period 1998-2007 and formulate two-part models consisting of (1) (dynamic) export equations and (2) (dynamic) export share equations. Our results confirm the view that a relatively low share of SMEs engages in services trade. In line with the new-new trade theory, our results also corroborate that more productive SMEs have a higher export probability. The key finding of this paper is that the export decisions of SMEs in services sectors are estimated to be extremely persistent, implying that trade policy efforts, including the allocation of scarce trade promotion budgets, should be directed at addressing the barriers faced in establishing the first export operation. Finally, our subsectoral estimates reveal considerable heterogeneity across different types of services.