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Recognizing Faces
The idea that most of us are good at recognizing faces permeates everyday thinking and is widely used in the research literature. However, it is a correct characterization only of familiar-face recognition. In contrast, the perception and recognition of unfamiliar faces can be surprisingly error-prone, and this has important consequences in many real-life settings. We emphasize the variability in views of faces encountered in everyday life and point out how neglect of this important property has generated some misleading conclusions. Many approaches have treated image variability as unwanted noise, whereas we show how studies that use and explore the implications of image variability can drive substantial theoretical advances.
Journal Article
Here a face, there a face
Photographs show faces in normal objects such as a house, flowers, and a garbage can.
Book
Face recognition accuracy of forensic examiners, superrecognizers, and face recognition algorithms
Achieving the upper limits of face identification accuracy in forensic applications can minimize errors that have profound social and personal consequences. Although forensic examiners identify faces in these applications, systematic tests of their accuracy are rare. How can we achieve the most accurate face identification: using people and/or machines working alone or in collaboration? In a comprehensive comparison of face identification by humans and computers, we found that forensic facial examiners, facial reviewers, and superrecognizers were more accurate than fingerprint examiners and students on a challenging face identification test. Individual performance on the test varied widely. On the same test, four deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), developed between 2015 and 2017, identified faces within the range of human accuracy. Accuracy of the algorithms increased steadily over time, with the most recent DCNN scoring above the median of the forensic facial examiners. Using crowd-sourcing methods, we fused the judgments of multiple forensic facial examiners by averaging their rating-based identity judgments. Accuracy was substantially better for fused judgments than for individuals working alone. Fusion also served to stabilize performance, boosting the scores of lower-performing individuals and decreasing variability. Single forensic facial examiners fused with the best algorithm were more accurate than the combination of two examiners. Therefore, collaboration among humans and between humans and machines offers tangible benefits to face identification accuracy in important applications. These results offer an evidence-based roadmap for achieving the most accurate face identification possible.
Journal Article
Making faces : the evolutionary origins of the human face
This book sets out to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the human face, in terms of both the fossil evidence and the recent findings of genetics, molecular biology, and developmental biology that have illuminated how the human face forms during embryonic and fetal development. In exploring this history, we will see how intimately the evolution of the face was connected to that of the brain and how mental and social processes have helped shape the human face; intriguingly, those processes have continued well into the recent history of our species. Along the way, we will take note of the remarkable diversity of human faces and examine the genetic foundations of that diversity, findings relevant to understanding the (probable) evolutionary future of the face. The final chapter sums up the key features of the history of the face, and explores how that history illuminates human evolution specifically and exemplifies the evolutionary process in general.-- Provided by publisher
Book
Face Race Processing and Racial Bias in Early Development
Infants have asymmetrical exposure to different types of faces (e.g., more human than nonhuman, more female than male, and more own-race than other-race). What are the developmental consequences of such experiential asymmetry? Here, we review recent advances in research on the development of cross-race face processing. The evidence suggests that greater exposure to own-than other-race faces in infancy leads to developmentally early differences in visual preferences for, recognition of, formation of categories for, and scanning of own-and other-race faces. Further, such perceptual differences in infancy may be associated with the emergence of implicit racial bias, consistent with a perceptual-social linkage hypothesis. Current and future work derived from this hypothesis may lay an important empirical foundation for the development of intervention programs to combat the early occurrence of implicit racial bias.
Journal Article
Facial Palsy in Cholesteatoma
All cases presenting to the author have undergone surgical treatment and patients with middle ear disease and treated surgically within 2 months of presentation all showed some recovery in facial nerve function.
Journal Article
Approaching facial difference : past and present
What is a face and how does it relate to personhood? Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present offers an interdisciplinary exploration of the many ways in which faces have been represented in the past and present, focusing on the issue of facial difference and disfigurement read in the light of shifting ideas of beauty and ugliness. Faces are central to all human social interactions, yet their study has been much overlooked by disability scholars and historians of medicine alike. By examining the main linguistic, visual and material approaches to the face from antiquity to contemporary times, contributors place facial diversity at the heart of our historical and cultural narratives. This cutting-edge collection of essays will be an invaluable resource for humanities scholars working across history, literature and visual culture, as well as modern practitioners in education and psychology.
Book
3D face recognition: a survey
3D face recognition has become a trending research direction in both industry and academia. It inherits advantages from traditional 2D face recognition, such as the natural recognition process and a wide range of applications. Moreover, 3D face recognition systems could accurately recognize human faces even under dim lights and with variant facial positions and expressions, in such conditions 2D face recognition systems would have immense difficulty to operate. This paper summarizes the history and the most recent progresses in 3D face recognition research domain. The frontier research results are introduced in three categories: pose-invariant recognition, expression-invariant recognition, and occlusion-invariant recognition. To promote future research, this paper collects information about publicly available 3D face databases. This paper also lists important open problems.
Journal Article