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The Big Financial Theft, or the Czechoslovak Currency Reform in 1953 and Its Reflection in the Criminal Legal Sanction of the Participants in the Pilsen Protest Actions
The currency reform of June 1, 1953, became one of the dark points in the history of the Czechoslovak state. Almost overnight, people’s savings turned into a worthless pile of crowns. The regime of the time kept it a secret until the last moment. More than a hundred protests broke out across the country, the largest of which took place in Pilsen. The currency reform, which was being prepared by a team of economists led by Václav Hůla with the help of Soviet advisors, was presented to the population as a blow against the “speculative elements” and a victory for the working people. However, when people first felt its real effects on June 1, spontaneous protests and strikes broke out in many places. The events in Pilsen were the most turbulent. In addition to the West Bohemian metropolis, larger unrest took place in Strakonice, Bohumín, Ostrava and Prague. Many participants in the protests ended up in prison, labor camps, or were sentenced to other forms of punishment. One of the harshest was forced eviction. The State Security, the militia and the army expected some resistance, but they did not expect it to happen in key factories, such as the Škoda Plzeň or ČKD factory in Prague. The biggest impact on society was that the motivation to work, the desire to save and the ability to take care of oneself for a long time was undermined. People’s loss of economic self-sufficiency due to actions of the state and the Communist Party, their subjugation to the state and forced dependence on state revenues and state salaries was proof of the state’s bankruptcy.
Journal Article
Industry 4.0: defining the research agenda
PurposeIndustry 4.0 implies that global challenges exist within the manufacturing sector. Both theoretical and empirical research has been developed to support these transformations and assist companies in the process of changing. The purpose of this paper is to gather previous articles through an updated review and defines a research agenda for future investigation based on the most recent studies published in the field.Design/methodology/approachKey articles on the subject are analysed. The articles were published in 39 journals from which 107 papers dating from 2005 to 2018 have been selected.FindingsThe main findings imply the definition of a research agenda where: a common terminology should be created; the levels of implementation of Industry 4.0 should be defined; the stages of the development of Industry 4.0 should be identified; a lean approach for this industry is defined and the implications of Industry 4.0 in either a sustainable or circular economy should be understood; the consequences of human resources should be analysed; and the effects of the smart factory in the organisation are the areas identified and studied in the mentioned research agenda.Research limitations/implicationsThis review has some limitations. First, a number of grey literature, such as reports from non-governmental organisations and front-line practitioners’ reflections, were not included. Second, only research studies in English and Spanish were reviewed.Practical implicationsThis review helps practitioners in their implementation of Industry 4.0. Moreover, the identified future research areas may help to define priorities in this implementation.Originality/valueAfter examining previous research, this paper proposes a research agenda covering issues about Industry 4.0. This research agenda should guide future investigations in the smart industry.
Journal Article
The implementation of virtual reality in digital factory—a comprehensive review
The global trend in manufacturing has shifted from a manufacturing-centric process toward a user-centric process. This has resulted in a shorter lifespan and a high product replacement rate of any consumer product. Germany has introduced the concept of Industry Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) to convert manufacturing processes and mechanisms into cyber-physical systems (CPS). Digital factory, being the first step into CPS and IR4.0, is being targeted as the most important evolution of the manufacturing industry. This paper defines digital factories and their differences between other similar domains such as smart factories, CPS, and virtual factories. The requirements and goals of a digital factory are explained in detail to facilitate future digital factory tool developments. Furthermore, the current challenges faced in the implementation of the digital factory are proposed to be approached by adapting an interoperable virtual reality technology. This paper emphasizes the usage of virtual reality (VR) in simulating a digital factory that aids in the decision-making and efficient operation of a manufacturing facility. Furthermore, recommendations gathered from previous studies for developing VR-based digital factory tools are also explained in detail in this paper.
Journal Article
Advances in Sensor Technologies in the Era of Smart Factory and Industry 4.0
The evolution of intelligent manufacturing has had a profound and lasting effect on the future of global manufacturing. Industry 4.0 based smart factories merge physical and cyber technologies, making the involved technologies more intricate and accurate; improving the performance, quality, controllability, management, and transparency of manufacturing processes in the era of the internet-of-things (IoT). Advanced low-cost sensor technologies are essential for gathering data and utilizing it for effective performance by manufacturing companies and supply chains. Different types of low power/low cost sensors allow for greatly expanded data collection on different devices across the manufacturing processes. While a lot of research has been carried out with a focus on analyzing the performance, processes, and implementation of smart factories, most firms still lack in-depth insight into the difference between traditional and smart factory systems, as well as the wide set of different sensor technologies associated with Industry 4.0. This paper identifies the different available sensor technologies of Industry 4.0, and identifies the differences between traditional and smart factories. In addition, this paper reviews existing research that has been done on the smart factory; and therefore provides a broad overview of the extant literature on smart factories, summarizes the variations between traditional and smart factories, outlines different types of sensors used in a smart factory, and creates an agenda for future research that encompasses the vigorous evolution of Industry 4.0 based smart factories.
Journal Article