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A power clamp circuit, which has good immunity to false trigger under fast power-on conditions with a 20 ns rising edge, is proposed in this paper. The proposed circuit has a separate detection component and an on-time control component which enable it to distinguish between electrostatic discharge (ESD) events and fast power-on events. As opposed to other on-time control techniques, instead of large resistors or capacitors, which can cause a large occupation of the layout area, we use a capacitive voltage-biased p-channel MOSFET in the on-time control part of the proposed circuit. The capacitive voltage-biased p-channel MOSFET is in the saturation region after the ESD event is detected, which can serve as a large equivalent resistance (~106 Ω) in the structure. The proposed power clamp circuit offers several advantages compared to the traditional circuit, such as having at least 70% area savings in the trigger circuit area (30% area savings in the whole circuit area), supporting a power supply ramp time as fast as 20 ns, dissipating the ESD energy more cleanly with little residual charge, and recovering faster from false triggers. The rail clamp circuit also offers robust performance in an industry-standard PVT (process, voltage, and temperature) space and has been verified by the simulation results. Showing good performance of human body model (HBM) endurance and high immunity to false trigger, the proposed power clamp circuit has great potential for application in ESD protection.

In the current context of biodiversity loss through habitat fragmentation, the effectiveness of wildlife crossings, installed at great expense as compensatory measures, is of vital importance for ecological and socio-economic actors. The evaluation of these structures is directly impacted by the efficiency of monitoring tools (camera traps…), which are used to assess the effectiveness of these crossings by observing the animals that use them. The aim of this study was to quantify the efficiency of camera traps in a wildlife crossing evaluation. Six permanent recording video systems sharing the same field of view as six Reconyx HC600 camera traps installed in three wildlife underpasses were used to assess the exact proportion of missed events (event being the presence of an animal within the field of view), and the error rate concerning underpass crossing behavior (defined as either Entry or Refusal). A sequence of photographs was triggered by either animals (true trigger) or artefacts (false trigger). We quantified the number of false triggers that had actually been caused by animals that were not visible on the images (“false” false triggers). Camera traps failed to record 43.6% of small mammal events (voles, mice, shrews, etc.) and 17% of medium-sized mammal events. The type of crossing behavior (Entry or Refusal) was incorrectly assessed in 40.1% of events, with a higher error rate for entries than for refusals. Among the 3.8% of false triggers, 85% of them were “false” false triggers. This study indicates a global underestimation of the effectiveness of wildlife crossings for small mammals. Means to improve the efficiency are discussed.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder and the association between IGD and cognitive functions. Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Different universities of Twin cities from Jun to Sep 2022. Methodology: A total of 367 participants of 18-26 year-age, belonging to either gender and currently enrolled in a university and excluding someone with priorly diagnosed mental illness were included. Data was collected by questionnaires via Google forms, filled voluntarily after informed consent. Participants filled the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form to assess gaming addiction and the cognitive failures questionnaire for cognitive function (CFQ). Mean scores were calculated for questionnaires to assess frequency of gamers based on cut-off score of 32 and association of gaming with demographics and cognitive functions was found out by applying Chi-square test. Results: Out of total 367, 193(52%) males and 174(48%) females participated, with 248 gamers 158(64%) males and 90(36%) females) and 119 non-gamers 25(29%) males and 94(71%) females. Out of these gamers 19(7.6%) individuals -15(79%) males and 4(21%) females- scored as disordered. Association between CFQ and IGD scores was statistically insignificant                        (p-value =0.062) however the mean scores of different domains of CFQ were relatively higher for disordered as compared to other categories of gamers. Conclusion: Males were significantly more likely to play games. Overall prevalence of IGD was low. No significant association was found between IGD and cognitive failures of gamers and non-gamers.

Climate change countermovements (CCCMs) play a central role in spreading misinformation and delaying policy action. Although most research has focused on the United States, less is known about CCCM networks in other national contexts. The authors analyze the Swedish online CCCM using social network analysis to (1) examine its structure and composition; (2) assess potential hierarchical influences, including how narratives flow from global think tanks to informal social media groups; and (3) identify distinct ideological groupings within the network. This exploratory analysis reveals four main communities, ranging from traditional climate-skeptic platforms to conspiracy theorists and far-right extremists. These alliances are asymmetric: although traditional climate-skeptic sites receive substantial attention from other groups, they link primarily to international sources and scientific content, serving as hubs that channel global CCCM discourse into Sweden. This asymmetric convergence highlights how climate denial is embedded within broader populist and far-right networks, not through ideological unity, but through shared antagonism. By mapping the structure and dynamics of the Swedish CCCM, the study underscores the transnational character of climate misinformation and its entanglement with domestic political currents.

This research explores, from a critical discourse perspective, the following questions: What frames are used to construct transphobic argumentation and its counterargumentation? What triggers the discriminatory comments? Answers to these questions will help in understanding what motivates transphobia and how to improve counterspeech. Our data comprises 1137 annotated comments discussing trans personnel in the UK army. The annotations and our analysis focus on the argumentation used in transphobic speech to construct the topos of threat and its counterspeech. We adopt both a quantitative and a qualitative approach and identify two main argumentative frames (the medical and misfit frames), their counterspeech, which is mainly based on logic and facts, and the triggers of transphobia, namely gender ideology based on binarism as well as the role played by public figures such as politicians in spreading disinformation and prejudice. Our results include suggesting an argumentation schema (argument, premise, conclusion and claim) based on the topos of threat, a schema which may be used in automatic counterspeech.

This work presents the design of a novel static-triggered power-rail electrostatic discharge (ESD) clamp circuit. The superior transient-noise immunity of the static ESD detection mechanism over the transient one is firstly discussed. Based on the discussion, a novel power-rail ESD clamp circuit utilizing the static ESD detection mechanism is proposed. By skillfully incorporating a thyristor delay stage into the trigger circuit (TC), the proposed circuit achieves the best ESD-conduction behavior while consuming the lowest leakage current ( I leak ) at the normal bias voltage among all investigated circuits in this work. In addition, the proposed circuit achieves an excellent false-triggering immunity against fast power-up pulses. All investigated circuits are fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. Performance superiorities of the proposed circuit are fully verified by both simulation and test results. Moreover, the proposed circuit offers an efficient on-chip ESD protection scheme considering the worst discharge case in the utilized process.

On 22 February 1980 the Supreme Court convicted Erla Bolladottir of perjury in the Geirfinnur Einarsson case and she was sentenced to three years in prison. It is probable that while not in custody, Erla was used and manipulated, and coerced into giving false statements against the 'four wrongly accused' in order to go along with the investigative hypothesis of the police. This chapter shows that Erla made a number of unsuccessful attempts to retract her confessions in the Geirfinnur case. It provides a model for understanding Erla's confessions in the Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Einarsson cases, respectively. The enduring or pre‐existing vulnerability factors were the same but differences existed with regard to the contextual triggers, acute state, and psychological mechanism. The chapter also provides a heuristic model of memory distrust that describes the antecedents and processes involved in producing Erla's confession in the Gudmundur case.