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Fluid infiltration along seismically‐active faults and fluid‐rock interaction influence the mechanical behavior of faults. Nevertheless, how fluid infiltration and fluid‐rock interactions evolve at seismogenic depths with fault slip accumulation remain poorly constrained in the geological record. We used hydrogen and oxygen isotope geochemistry to determine the origin of hydrous fluids that percolated within the exhumed Bolfin Fault Zone (BFZ)—a segment of the Early Cretaceous intra‐arc Atacama Fault System (Northern Chile)—during progressive fault evolution at seismogenic depth. The BFZ consists of D1 pseudotachylyte‐bearing cataclastic strands linked by D2 extensional to hybrid extensional‐shear, epidote‐rich fault‐vein systems that formed in a fluid‐rich, seismically active environment at 3–7 km depth and 200–300°C. The D1 pseudotachylytes and cataclasites have δD values similar to, or slightly higher than, those of unaltered hydrogen‐bearing magmatic minerals (−78‰ ≤ δD ≤ −56‰). This similarity indicates that seismic faulting occurred in a rock‐buffered environment with limited circulation of external fluids at early stages of fault evolution. Conversely, the epidote of the D2 fault‐vein systems has much heavier δD compositions (−47‰ ≤ δD ≤ −9‰) and δ18O values ranging from 3.77 to 6.71‰, suggesting infiltration of shallow fluids, likely sourced from closed, marine‐connected basins. Epidote‐quartz oxygen isotope thermometry indicates equilibration at 200–220°C for this stage of fluid infiltration. The influx of external, basin‐derived fluids within the BFZ is interpreted to indicate the increased hydraulic connectivity during slip accumulation and fault network growth. Plain Language Summary Fluid infiltration along seismically‐active faults and fluid‐rock interaction influence the aseismic versus seismic behavior of faults. However, little is known about how fluid infiltration evolves with fault slip accumulation. Here we investigate the origin of fluids infiltrating the Early Cretaceous intra‐arc Bolfin Fault Zone, an ancient seismic fault exceptionally well‐exposed in the Atacama Desert. By using hydrogen and oxygen isotope geochemistry, we document that the fault was progressively infiltrated by shallow fluids with increasing slip accumulation. At early stages of fault evolution, the infiltrating fluids maintained a nearly rock‐buffered composition, similar to that one of host‐rocks, due to the low hydraulic connectivity of the fault, which accommodated up to 1 km of cumulative slip. Conversely, at late stages of fault evolution, large volumes of shallow fluids, likely derived from closed, marine‐connected basins, infiltrated the more mature and hydraulically connected fault, which accommodated larger cumulative slip (up to 2–3 km). This exhumed seismic fault provides an outstanding example of how fluid infiltration and fluid‐rock interaction evolve in intra‐arc seismic faults. Key Points Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes constrain fluid‐rock interaction at seismogenic depths and trace the growth of fault hydraulic connectivity Pseudotachylytes‐cataclasites derive from rock‐buffered fluid regimes; instead, epidote‐rich fault‐veins and breccias form from basin‐sourced fluids Fault slip accumulation promotes the infiltration of large volumes of basin‐sourced fluids at 3–7 km depth at late stages of fault growth

\"This book focuses on the fault-tolerant cooperative control (FTCC) of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (multi-UAVs). It provides systematic and comprehensive descriptions of FTCC issues in multi-UAVs concerning faults, external disturbances, strongly unknown nonlinearities, and input saturation. Further, it addresses FTCC design from longitudinal motions to attitude motions, and outer-loop position motions of multi-UAVs. The books detailed control schemes can be used to enhance the flight safety of multi-UAVs. As such, the book offers readers an in-depth understanding of UAV safety in cooperative/formation flight and corresponding design methods. The FTCC methods presented here can also provide guidelines for engineers to improve the safety of aerospace engineering systems. The book offers a valuable asset for scientists and researchers, aerospace engineers, control engineers, lecturers and teachers, and graduates and undergraduates in the system and control community, especially those working in the field of UAV cooperation and multi-agent systems.\"-- Back cover.

The convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plates beneath the Pamir Plateau has produced complex continental subduction, significantly influencing upper crustal faulting and seismicity. To investigate the kinematic behavior of the High Pamir Plateau, we derive a geodetic slip model for the 2023 Mw 6.9 Pamir earthquake by using Sentinel‐1A and ALOS‐2 InSAR data. Our geodetic inversion reveals rupture along two distinct faults: a dominant left‐lateral strike‐slip fault and a secondary normal fault, consistent with the mechanisms of the 1911 Mw 7.3 and 2015 Mw 7.2 earthquakes in the region. Notably, the 2015 and 2023 ruptures extend to ∼20 km depth—deeper than typical Tibetan Plateau earthquakes—likely due to the thermal influence of the underlying cratonic lithosphere. Our results also indicate a broad shear zone above the underthrusting Indian plate, underscoring the role of lithospheric‐scale dynamics in shaping crustal fault behavior in the Pamir region.

Deformation in intraplate domains is usually considered as a consequence of tectonic events at plate boundaries. Nevertheless, the occurrence of intraplate earthquakes such as the recent Le Teil event in the south of France along the Cévennes Fault System (CFS), on 11 November 2019, Mw = 4.9, questions whether this far-field deformation only occurs during tectonic pulses at plate boundaries, or if it corresponds to low-intensity but regional continuous deformation through time. To address this question, we have coupled U–Pb geochronology of fault-related calcites with structural analysis along a major fault system (the CFS) in the South-East Basin, France. We evidence (1) an Albian activity of the CFS and (2) a continuous compressional activity of the CFS and satellite structures during the whole Eocene and probably during the Late Cretaceous – Palaeocene, including periods (e.g. Lutetian) usually considered as phases of tectonic quiescence. We thus demonstrate that the tectonic reactivation of this intraplate fault system is not restricted to periods of high rates of deformation at plate boundaries.

A new tectonic model is proposed for the origin of the Tharsis rise on Mars, which occupies ∼25% of the planet. The model invokes initiation of plate subduction by a large impact during the Late Heavy Bombardment at ca. 4.0 Ga. The model explains migration of Tharsis volcanism by slab rollback and the lack of magnetized crust in the bulk of Tharsis by formation of juvenile crust after the Mars dynamo creased to operate. The model also explains (1) the formation of thrust systems as a result of impact-generated crustal thickening (i.e., Thaumasia thrust), retro-arc contraction (i.e., Solis-Lunae fold belt), and plate subduction (Lycus and Ulysses thrusts), (2) the development of dominantly NE-trending grabens and a major east-facing V-shaped conjugate strike-slip system across the Tharsis rise as a result of backarc extension, and (3) crustal thickening of the Tharsis rise as a result of magmatic accretion during protracted construction of arcs above an episodically stalled and thus stationary subducting slab. The model has several implications for the way in which a unified global plate-tectonic network may have been established on early Earth. First, large impacts were common during the Late Heavy Bombardment (ca. 4.2-3.9 Ma), and thus impact-induced plate subduction would have been highly likely in the Hadean period. Such subduction systems must be local in scale and associated only with trench retreat and slab rollback. Localized plate subduction permits other modes of tectonic processes to have occurred simultaneously on early Earth, reconciling conflicting observations for plate-tectonic and non-plate-tectonic processes. Second, the presence of water at the surface of Hadean Earth would have allowed rapid transformation of basaltic crust to eclogite, allowing a sustainable plate subduction process once it started. The Hadean and possibly Archean Earth may only have had localized subduction systems, all characterized by slab rollback and trench retreat. Trench advance and related shallow-angle plate subduction probably did not begin on Earth until Proterozoic time, when a single and united global plate-tectonic network was established. This may have been accomplished by gradual coalescence of formerly independent subduction systems over a significant period of geologic time (>1 b.y.). Incorporation of trench-advance and shallow-angle plate subduction in the Proterozoic may have been induced by complex interactions of multiple subduction systems in a single and kinematically linked global tectonic network. This in turn led to the beginning of the formation of the crustal structures and petrologic assemblages of modern Earth. Based on a simple conductive cooling model, it appears that the most critical factors that control whether plate subduction could have been initiated in a rocky planet during the Late Heavy Bombardment in the inner solar system are its initial crustal thickness and the cooling rate/thickening rate of the lithosphere.

Following the Mw4.9 Le Teil surface rupture earthquake that occurred on the north-eastern Cévennes fault system (NCFS) in France, several investigations were carried out to understand the origin of the earthquake rupture. A few studies performed local modeling of the NCFS structures in three dimensions integrating the rheology of the sedimentary layers within the hypocenter zone. However, the geometry of the NCFS at the scale of the Southeast French Basin is poorly constrained and it remains difficult to locate its trace beneath the Quaternary sediments of the Rhône river valley. To address this issue, Électricité de France (EDF) carried out a deep reflection seismic survey along the NCFS. This new set of seismic profiles was interpreted using a geological data base including surface data, well data, and previous seismic data that were reprocessed. The resulting 3D structural model allows us to reconstruct a polyphase geological history during the past 320 Ma, which we divide into three major tectonic phases. We show that all structures in the basin in the study area were initiated as normal faults during the Lower Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous. During the Upper Cretaceous, these structures were reactivated, acting as a major transfer fault zone during the Pyrenean shortening phase, then as normal faults during the Oligocene extension. The morphology and faults at the top-Carboniferous basin initiated during the Lower Jurassic strongly shaped the final structure of the NCFS during the subsequent tectonic phases. Our new results allow updating the historical geology of the Vivaro-Cévenol region and our knowledge about the structures that have affected the Southeast Basin since the Mesozoic. In the context of the Le Teil earthquake, our new structural model provides important constraints for continuing paleoseismological works that will better assess the seismic hazard in this region.

The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt has endured multiple significant historical earthquakes, underscoring the need to assess and quantify the potential social impacts of future seismic events. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, the second most populated city in Mexico, is located in the western part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, an active east–west volcanic arc crossed by several fault systems. In this study, we use the main known tectonic structures in and around the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area to propose scenarios for possible earthquakes and estimate the resulting intensities and fatalities in the urban area. Our results indicate a range from hundreds to tens of thousands of estimated fatalities, depending on the scenario. Authorities and disaster management agencies in Jalisco can take advantage of our findings to better prepare for, and respond to, future earthquakes. We carried out a comprehensive analysis on expected intensities and probable casualty figures, providing essential insights for effective disaster management and mitigation strategies.

This study introduces a novel approach to power system fault diagnosis by synchronised phasor measurements. Conventionally, faults are diagnosed through the status of protective relays and circuit breakers which are activated following a fault. However, the hidden failures of the protection system has itself often been among the main suspects of partial or widespread blackouts. This study proposes an alternative fault diagnosis approach independent of the function of the protection system. An analytical method is introduced for power system fault diagnosis using dispersed synchronised measurements and bus impedance matrix (Zbus). Fault inception is first detected by local phasor measurement units (PMUs). Fault diagnosis is then carried out in a hierarchical manner so that first the faulted zone of the system is diagnosed, next the faulted line in the faulted zone is diagnosed and finally the fault point along the diagnosed line is located by gradient descent. The proposed method is applied to the WSCC 9-bus, where fault incidents on all of the transmission lines are examined. Moreover, the proposed method is successfully applied to the IEEE 118-bus test system consisting of 28 PMUs, which demonstrates successful fault diagnosis and location for a large-scale power system despite the limited coverage of PMUs.

This paper presents a systematic fault analysis and diagnosis method of a PEM fuel cell control system using a model-based approach. With a model-based approach, it is possible to analyze the causal relationship and effect of probable faults in the system, and to diagnose them under the assumption that the model and the process are similar. With a model-based approach, it is possible to analyze the causal relationship and effect of probable faults in the system and diagnose them under the assumption that the model and the process are similar. In this work, a model-based approach was adopted for fault analysis and diagnosis, and its methods are suggested. A PEM fuel cell is mathematically modelled, analyzed, and verified for the analysis and simulations. Relationships among variables are shown using an incidence matrix and with a Dulmage–Mendelsohn decomposition of the matrix. When it is difficult to detect faults due to a deficient degree of redundancy, a bi-partite graph is used to analyze the effect of faults and to assess the possibility of fault detection through the appropriate redundant sensor placement. Thereafter, residuals are obtained based on analytical redundancies of the system, and a fault signature matrix is subsequently constructed. A fault detection and isolation (FDI) algorithm is developed based on a fault signature matrix that describes the connection between faults and residuals. The simulation results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed FDI algorithm for diagnosing faults. With the proposed FDI algorithm, eight faults could be diagnosed by FDI algorithm with given sensors in the system.