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34,481 result(s) for "fauna"
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CITES and cycads : a user's guide
\"This user's guide covers the highly threatened cycad family and how it is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The text is written for the non-expert and the guide explores the major groups of cycads in trade, their distribution, conservation status, use and levels of trade as well as the likelihood of illegal trade. Exemptions from CITES regulations are also outlined, together with suggestions to aid enforcement. The guide includes a fully illustrated PowerPoint training presentation and a checklist of cycad species, their distribution and synonymy.\"--Page 4 of cover.
Patterns, Causes, and Consequences of Anthropocene Defaunation
Anthropocene defaunation, the global extinction of faunal species and populations and the decline in abundance of individuals within populations, has been predominantly documented in terrestrial ecosystems, but indicators suggest defaunation has been more severe in freshwater ecosystems. Marine defaunation is in a more incipient stage, yet pronounced effects are already apparent and its rapid acceleration seems likely. Defaunation now impacts the planet's wildlife with profound cascading consequences, ranging from local to global coextinctions of interacting species to the loss of ecological services critical for humanity. Slowing defaunation will require aggressively reducing animal overexploitation and habitat destruction; mitigating climate disruption; and stabilizing the impacts of human population growth and uneven resource consumption. Given its omnipresence, defaunation should receive status of major global environmental change and should be addressed with the same urgency as deforestation, pollution, and climatic change. Global action is needed to prevent defaunation's current trajectory from catalyzing the planet's sixth major extinction.
Governing trade-offs in ecosystem services and disservices to achieve human–wildlife coexistence
Sustaining wildlife populations, which provide both ecosystem services and disservices, represents a worldwide conservation challenge. The ecosystem services and Ostrom’s social–ecological systems frameworks have been adopted across natural and social sciences to characterize benefits from nature. Despite their generalizability, individually they do not include explicit tools for addressing the sustainable management of many wildlife populations. For instance, Ostrom’s framework does not specifically address competing perspectives on wildlife, whereas the ecosystem services framework provides a limited representation of the social and governance context wherein such competing perspectives are embedded. We developed a unified social–ecological framework of ecosystem disservices and services (SEEDS) that advances both frameworks by explicitly acknowledging the importance of competing wildlife perspectives embedded in the social and governance contexts. The SEEDS framework emulates the hierarchical structure of Ostrom’s social–ecological systems, but adds subsystems reflecting heterogeneous stakeholder views and experiences of wildlife-based services and disservices. To facilitate operationalizing SEEDS and further broader analyses across human–wildlife systems, we devised a list of variables to describe SEEDS subsystems, such as types and level of services and disservices, cost and benefit sharing, and social participation of stakeholders. Steps to implement SEEDS involve engaging local communities and stakeholders to define the subsystems, analyze interactions and outcomes, and identify leverage points and actions to remedy unwanted outcomes. These steps connect SEEDS with other existing approaches in social–ecological research and can guide analyses across systems or within individual systems to provide new insights and management options for sustainable human–wildlife coexistence. El mantenimiento de las poblaciones silvestres de fauna, las cuales proporcionan servicios y perjuicios, representa un reto para la conservación a nivel mundial. Los servicios ambientales y los marcos de trabajo de los sistemas socio-ecológicos de Ostrom se han adoptado en la ciencias naturales y sociales para caracterizar los beneficios que proporciona la naturaleza. A pesar de ser generalizables, individualmente no incluyen herramientas explícitas para tratar el manejo sustentable de muchas poblaciones silvestres. Por ejemplo, el marco de trabajo de Ostrom no trata de manera específica las perspectivas rivales sobre fauna, mientras que el marco de trabajo de los servicios ambientales proporciona una representación limitada del contexto socialy degobierno en los queestán embebidas dichas perspectivas rivales. Desarrollamos un marco de trabajo socio-ecológico unificado de servicios y perjuicios ambientales (SEEDS, en inglés) que impulsa ambos marcos de trabajo al reconocer explícitamente la importancia de las perspectivas rivales sobre fauna embebidas en los contextos sociales y de gobierno. El marco de trabajo SEEDS emula la estructura jerárquica de los sistemas socio-ecológicos de Ostrom, pero añade subsistemas que reflejan la visión y las experiencias heterogéneas que los accionistas tienen sobre los servicios y perjuicios basados en la fauna. Para facilitar la operación de los SEEDS y ampliar los análisis en todos los sistemas humano-fauna, diseñamos una lista de variables para describir los subsistemas de los SEEDS, como los tipos y niveles de los servicios y perjuicios, el costo y beneficio del reparto, y la participación social de los accionistas. Los pasos para implementar los SEEDS involucran comprometer a las comunidades locales y a los accionistas para que definan los subsistemas, analicen las interacciones y los resultados, e identifiquen los puntos y acciones de ventaja para remediar los resultados no deseados. Estos pasos conectan a los SEEDS con otras estrategias de investigación socio-ecológica y pueden guiar los análisis a través de varios sistemas o dentro de sistemas individuales para proporcionar nueva información y opciones de manejo para una coexistencia sustentable entre humanos y fauna. 維持野生生物种群既提供了生态系统服务,也带来了不良影响,是世界性的保护挑战。自然科学和社会 科学中都采用了生态系统服务和奥斯特罗姆社会-生态系统框架来表示从自然中获得的收益。虽然它们得到7 广泛应用,但就单一框架而言,它们并不含有解决许多野生生物种群可持续管理问题的直接工具。例如,奥斯 特罗姆框架没有明确地应对关于野生生物相互冲突的观点,而生态系统框架也只是对纳入了这些观点的社会 和管理方面的内容进行了有限的表述。我们设计了一个统ー的生态系统服务及不良影响的社会-生态学框架 (social-ecological framework of ecosvstem disservices and services, SEEDS), 明摘 了在社会及管理背录下加人 对野生生物的不同观点的重要性,是对原有的两个框架的发展。这十SEEDS框架效法奥斯特罗姆社会-生态系 统的层级结构,但增加了子系統来反映利益相关者对基于野生生物的服务及不良影响的不同观点和经验。为了 促进 SEEDS 框架的实施、推进对人矣野生生物系统更广泛的分析,我们设计了一系列变量来描述SEEDS的子 系统,如服务和不良影响的类型和等级、成本分担和利益共享、利益相关者的社会参与等。SEEDS 的实施步骤 包括促进当地社区和利益相关者的参与以定义子系统、分析相互作用和結果,和确定补救不当結果的关键点及 行动。这些步骤将 SEEDS 和其它社会-生态研究中的现有方法建立了联系,可以指导多系统或单一系统的分析, 为可持续的人类野生生物共存提供深人理解和管理措施。
NEW SPECIES AND GENERA FOR THE FAUNA OF TURKEY (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE, PHYCITINAE) 1
In this study, 4 genera and 11 species of Pyralidae are identified for the first time as members of the Turkish fauna. Turkey is only the second country in which 7 of these 11 species are recorded. With this study, the number of pyralid species reaches 647 and the number of genera reaches 235.
Cómo juzgar a un erizo?
La autoridad ambiental4, quien funge por ley humana - no eriza-, como su juez, no está normativamente habilitada para tener en cuenta que su captura fue ilegal, que su extradición viola cualquier principio elemental del derecho internacional, que fue sometido a tratos crueles y degradantes durante su estadía en la cárcel (cautiverio), que está proscrita la pena de muerte según la Constitución Política de Colombia5 o que aceptaría de buen gusto volver a su África natal, sin poner en riesgo ni a la fauna ni a los ecosistemas de esta tierra colombiana que, por demás, tampoco ha tenido oportunidad de conocer en libertad. Una configuración jurídico-política dura con ciertas especies animales cuya principal desgracia reside en coexistir con una especie, como la humana, que en verdad pone en riesgo a todas las especies de fauna. Estos países han reportado avances importantes en la lucha contra el tráfico de fauna y la simplificación de criterios de control sin aumento de carga burocrática. Articulado con la definición de fauna introducida ya presentada, se llegaría a la conclusión de que la mayoría las palomas son una especie otrora domesticada18, que fue introducida en territorio colombiano hace centenares, pero que ha regresado a estado salvaje y por ende volvió a ser, normativamente hablando, silvestre. ¿Han de ser protegidas las palomas por la autoridad ambiental al ser fauna silvestre? O ¿ha de ser controlada por la autoridad ambiental al ser especie introducida? O ¿ha de ser atendida y controlada, por haber sido domesticada, por los entes territoriales? O peor aún, ¿ha de ser intervenida por la autoridad de salud a la manera de situación de plaga cuando su aumento poblacional genere conflicto con la ciudadanía o el ecosistema?
Soil fauna effects on litter decomposition are better predicted by fauna communities within litterbags than by ambient soil fauna communities
AimsSoil fauna is one of the major drivers of plant litter decomposition. This study aims to assess how soil fauna density and diversity may affect litter decomposition. Also, we assessed whether faunal communities inside the litterbags that are used to control the access of faunal groups or communities in ambient soils are better for predicting their effects on litter decomposition, given that soil fauna frequently move into and out of such litterbags.MethodsTo answer this question, we synthesized 5336 observations extracted from 46 publications to assess the effects of soil fauna communities, their density and diversity on the rate of litter decomposition (k) and litter mass loss.ResultsResults showed that (1) the presence of soil fauna significantly increased k by an average of 33.0% and that the effects were mainly controlled by initial litter concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium, (2) the density and diversity of soil fauna in litterbags significantly affected k and/or mass loss, but ambient communities had limited effects, and (3) the effects of soil fauna in litterbags on k were most significant during the early stages of decomposition (0 − 30% mass loss).ConclusionsOur study clearly showed that litterbag communities were better for predicting the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition, and that their effects were most significant during the early stages of decomposition. These results improve our ability to estimate the contribution of soil fauna in liter decomposition and the associated carbon and nutrient cycling.
Social values and biodiversity conservation in a dynamic world
Understanding what shape values (which ultimately shape human behavior) will help improve the effectiveness of conservation solutions that depend on public support. To contribute to this understanding, we investigated the influence of societal-level changes, such as modernization, on values in a multilevel framework. We collected survey responses (n = 4183) to questionnaires mailed to a random selection of households within each county in Washington (U.S.A.) (response rate 32%). We used multilevel modeling to determine the relationship between modernization (e.g., county-level urbanization, wealth, and education) and wildlife value orientations (values that shape thought about wildlife) while controlling for individuallevel sociodemographics. We then explored how values influence conservation support at different levels (e.g., individual and county) and how values explain conservation support in a case study of public responses to wolf (Canis lupis) recovery. We found positive associations between county-level examples of modernization and mutualism (a wildlife value orientation that prioritizes the perceived needs of wildlife) independent of a respondent's sociodemographics, and negative associations between modernization and domination (a wildlife value orientation that prioritizes human needs). Our results suggest that context has an additive impact on one's values; certain locations exhibited domination values, whereas others exhibited a mix of value types. This finding is important because actions that restrict human interests to promote biodiversity were negatively associated with domination and positively associated with mutualism. In the wolf case study, mutualism was strongly correlated with less social conflict over wolf recovery in many, but not all, counties (e.g., Pearson's r correlation = 0.59 in one county and a nonsignificant correlation in another). Our findings suggest that modernization operates on values within a state with implications for biodiversity, but other factors in addition to values must be investigated to fully understand what leads to proconservation behavior. Entender qué forma a los valores (que finalmente forman al comportamiento humano) ayudará a mejorar la efectividad de las soluciones de conservación que dependen del apoyo público. Para contribuir a este entendimiento, investigamos la influencia de los cambios a nivel social, como la modernización, sobre los valores en un marco de trabajo multinivel. Colectamos las respuestas a cuestionarios (n = 4183) enviados a una selección al azar de hogares dentro de cada condado de Washington, EVA (tasa de respuesta = 32%). Utilizamos un modelado multinivel para determinar las relaciones entre la modernización (P. ej.: urban lzación a nivel del condado, riqueza y educación) y las orientaciones de valor de la fauna (valores que forman la opinión sobre la fauna) a la vez que incluimos la variable socio-demográfica a nivel individuo. Después exploramos cómo los valores influyen sobre el apoyo a la conservación en diferentes niveles (p. ej.: condado, individuo) y cómo los valores explican el apoyo a la conservación en un estudio de caso de las respuestas del público a la recuperación del lobo (Canis lupis). Encontramos asociaciones positivas entre los ejemplos a nivel condado de la modernización y el mutualismo (una orientación de valor de fauna que prioriza las necesidades percibidas de la fauna) independientes de las condiciones socio-demográficas del respondiente, y asociaciones negativas entre la modernización y la dominación (una orientación de valor de fauna que prioriza las necesidades humanas). Nuestros resultados sugieren que el contexto tiene un impacto aditivo sobre los valores; ciertas localidades exhibieron valores de dominación, mientras que otras exhibieron una mezcla de tipos de valores. Este hallazgo es importante porque las acciones que restringen los intereses humanos para promover la biodiversidad estuvieron asociadas negativamente con la dominación y positivamente con el mutualismo. En el estudio de caso del lobo, el mutualismo estuvo correlacionado fuertemente con un conflicto social menor sobre la recuperación del lobo en muchos, pero no en todos, de los condados (P. ej.: la correlación r de Pearson = 0.59 en un condado y una correlación no significativa en otro). Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la modernización opera con valores dentro de un estado con implicaciones para la biodiversidad, pero otros factores además de los valores deben ser investigados para entender por completo qué lleva al comportamiento a favor de la conservación.
Synergistic effects
• Litter decomposition plays a key role in nutrient cycling across ecosystems, yet to date, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the nonadditive decomposition effects in leaf litter mixing experiments. • To fill that gap, we compiled 69 individual studies with the aim to perform two meta-analyses on nonadditive effects. • We show that a significant synergistic effect (faster decomposition in mixtures than expected) occurs at a global scale, with an average increase of 3–5% in litter mixtures. In particular, low-quality litter in mixtures shows a significant synergistic effect, while additive effects are observed for high-quality species. Additionally, synergistic effects turn into antagonistic effects when soil fauna are absent or litter is in very late stages of decomposition (nearhumus). In contrast to temperate and tropical areas, studies in boreal regions show significant antagonistic effects. • Our two meta-analyses provide a systematic evaluation of nonadditive effects in mixed litter decomposition studies and show that litter quality alters the effects of litter mixing. Our results indicate that nutrient transfer, soil fauna and inhibitory secondary compounds can influence mixing effects. We also highlight that synergistic and antagonistic effects occur concurrently, and the final litter mixing effect results from the interplay between them.
Conservation and the 4 Rs, which are rescue, rehabilitation, release, and research
Vertebrate animals can be injured or threatened with injury through human activities, thus warranting their \"rescue.\" Details of wildlife rescuef rehabilitation, release, and associated research (our 4 Rs) are often recorded in large databases, resulting in a wealth of available information. This information has huge research potential and can contribute to understanding of animal biology, anthropogenic impacts on wildlife, and species conservation. However, such databases have been little used, few studies have evaluated factors influencing success of rehabilitation and/or release, recommended actions to conserve threatened species have rarely arisen, and direct benefitsfor species conservation are yet to be demonstrated. We therefore recommend that additional research be based on data from rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals that is broader in scope than previous research and would have community support. Los animales vertebrados pueden ser heridos o sufrir amenazas de heridas por medio de las actividades humanas, lo que garantiza su \"rescate\". Los detalles del rescate, rehabilitación, liberación e investigación asociada de fauna (las 4 Rs, por sus siglas en inglés) están continuamente registrados en grandes bases de datos, lo que resulta en una riqueza de información disponible. Esta información tiene un enorme potencial de investigación y puede contribuir al entendimiento de la biología animal, los impactos antropogénicos sobre la fauna, y la conservación de las especies. Sin embargo, dichas bases de datos se han utilizado muy poco, escasos estudios han evaluado los factores que influyen sobre el éxito de la rehabilitación y/o la liberación, las acciones recomendadas para conservar a las especies amenazadas han surgido en raras ocasiones, y los beneficios directos para la conservación de las especies todavía no se han demostrado. Por esto recomendamos que investigaciones futuras se basen en datos sobre el rescate, rehabilitación y liberación de los animales, pues tiene un enfoque más generalizado que las investigaciones previas y tendría apoyo dentro de la comunidad.