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This paper presents the development of a multi‐fidelity digital twin structural model (virtual model) of an as‐built wind turbine blade. The goal is to develop and demonstrate an approach to produce an accurate and detailed model of the as‐built blade for use in verifying the performance of the operating two‐bladed, downwind rotor. The digital twin model development methodology, presented herein, involves a novel calibration process to integrate a wide range of information including design specifications, manufacturing information, and structural testing data (modal and static) to produce a multi‐fidelity digital twin structural model: a detailed high‐fidelity model (i.e., 3D finite element analysis [FEA]) and consistent beam‐type models for aeroelastic simulation. A key element is that the multi‐fidelity structural digital twin method follows the rotor from the stages of design, to manufacturing, then to the ground testing and field operation. The result of this comprehensive approach is an accurate multi‐fidelity digital twin structural model for the geometric, structural, and structural dynamic properties of the as‐built blade within a 1% match in mass properties, 3.2% in blade frequencies, and 6% in deflection. The different stages of processing this information within the methodology are discussed. The rotor examined is the SUMR‐Demonstrator (SUMR‐D), which was installed on the Controls Advanced Research Testbed (CART‐2) wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center. The digital twin model developed here was utilized to design controllers to safely operate SUMR‐D in field tests, which are providing additional data for further evaluation and development of the multi‐fidelity digital twin structural model.

This study investigates the impact of Mozart's music on the reliability of visual field testing among healthy Thai individuals, using a large sample population. Automated perimetry was conducted on the right eyes of 163 perimetry-naive participants using a Humphrey Field Analyzer III (SITA standard 24-2 program). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (no auditory input), headphones (noise-canceling headphones without music), and Mozart (headphones with Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K. 448). Each group received a 10 min pretest intervention according to their group assignment. Key perimetric indices, including fixation loss (FL), false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), test duration, mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and sensitivity depression in total and pattern deviation (TD and PD) plots, were collected and analyzed across groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The mean percentages of FL were 14.3% (95% CI 9.2%-19.4%) in the control group, 13.4% (95% CI 7.8%-19%) in the headphones group, and 6.4% (95% CI 4%-8.8%) in the Mozart group. An improvement in FL was observed between the control and Mozart groups ( = 0.03). However, no significant differences were found among the groups with respect to FP, FN, or test duration. Additionally, the values for MD, PSD, TD, and PD remained within normal ranges across all groups, with no significant differences. Mozart's music may facilitate enhanced concentration and spatial reasoning among individuals undergoing visual field testing with automated perimetry. Consequently, its application in clinical settings has the potential to improve the FL, a reliability index of visual field assessment.

Background Existing measures to assess shared decision making (SDM) have often been developed based on an ill‐defined underlying construct, and many assess physician behaviours only or focus on a single patient‐physician encounter. Objective To (a) develop a patient and a physician questionnaire to measure SDM in oncology and (b) determine their content validity and comprehensibility. Methods A systematic review of SDM models and an oncology‐specific SDM model informed the domains of the SDM construct. We formulated items for each SDM domain. Cancer patients and physicians rated content validity in an online questionnaire. We assumed a formative measurement model and performed online field‐testing in cancer patients to inform further item reduction. We tested item comprehension in cognitive interviews with cancer patients and physicians. Results We identified 17 domains and formulated 132 items. Twelve cancer patients rated content validity at item level, and 11 physicians rated content validity at domain level. We field‐tested the items among 131 cancer patients and conducted cognitive interviews with eight patients and five physicians. These phases resulted in the 15‐item iSHAREpatient and 15‐item iSHAREphysician questionnaires, covering 13 domains. Conclusions We thoroughly developed the iSHARE questionnaires. They both assess patient and physician behaviours and cover the entire SDM process rather than a single consultation.

Study aim: The measurement of body composition is important from a population perspective as it is a variable associated with a person’s health, and also from a sporting perspective as it can be used to evaluate training. This study aimed to examine the reliability of a mobile application that estimates body composition by digitising a two-dimensional image. Materials and methods: Thirty participants (15 men and 15 women) volunteered to have their percentage body fat (%BF) estimated via three different methods (skinfold measurements, SFM; bio-electrical impedance, BIA; LeanScreenTM mobile application, LSA). Intra-method reproducibility was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variance (CV) and typical error of measurement (TEM). The average measurement for each method were also compared. Results: There were no significant differences between the methods for estimated %BF (p = 0.818) and the reliability of each method as assessed via ICC was good (≥0.974). However the absolute reproducibility, as measured by CV and TEM, was much higher in SFM and BIA (≤1.07 and ≤0.37 respectively) compared with LSA (CV 6.47, TEM 1.6). Conclusion: LSA may offer an alternative to other field-based measures for practitioners, however individual variance should be considered to develop an understanding of minimal worthwhile change, as it may not be suitable for a one-off measurement.

Many structures like bridges are ageing and the necessity to measure the uncertain parameters is relevant. Crack-related parameters can be measured with traditional techniques like crack gauges and displacement transducers. A method that can detect and localise cracks as well as measure crack width is most favourable. Several distributed and quasi-distributed systems were introduced to the market and tested in recent years. This paper presents a large-scale Structural Health Monitoring project based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibres for an old bridge. The Götaälv Bridge is a continuous steel girder bridge with concrete bridge deck. Steel girders suffer from fatigue and mediocre steel quality and some severe cracking and also a minor structural element collapse have taken place. The system installed on the bridge measures strain profiles along the whole length of the bridge and detects cracks that are wider than 0.5 mm. Procedures like factory acceptance test, site acceptance test, laboratory testing and field testing are presented and analysed. Innovative technology was developed, tested and applied on the bridge. Heuristic knowledge was collected; conclusions are presented and discussed for future development.

The integration of smart grid technologies in interconnected power system networks presents multiple challenges for the power industry and the scientific community. To address these challenges, researchers are creating new methods for the validation of: control, interoperability, reliability of Internet of Things systems, distributed energy resources, modern power equipment for applications covering power system stability, operation, control, and cybersecurity. Novel methods for laboratory testing of electrical power systems incorporate novel simulation techniques spanning real-time simulation, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop, Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop, Power System-in-the-Loop, and co-simulation technologies. These methods directly support the acceleration of electrical systems and power electronics component research by validating technological solutions in high-fidelity environments. In this paper, members of the Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network task on Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods present a review of methods, test procedures, studies, and experiences employing advanced laboratory techniques for validation of range of research and development prototypes and novel power system solutions.

The role of flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTSs) in the provision of grid services is becoming increasingly important, due to the massive integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and the decommissioning of thermal plants. A comprehensive literature review of grid services offered by FACTS is performed, focusing on the different grid services that they can provide, such as power flow control, reactive power control, voltage control, power quality improvement, harmonic mitigation, improvement of transient stability, and damping of inter-area and intra-area oscillations. These grid services need to be realistically and economically validated in suitable testing environments. A review of relevant standards, guides, and the literature is performed, which covers the entire range from functional specification and factory testing up to the field testing of FACTS. Advanced industry practices, such as controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) testing of FACTS controllers by the manufacturer, and recent trends, such as CHIL testing of replica controllers by the owner, are underlined. Limitations of conventional testing and CHIL testing are explained and the use of power hardware in the loop (PHIL) simulation for FACTS testing is discussed. CHIL and scaled-down PHIL tests on a transmission static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) are performed and a comparison of the results is presented.

Fragmentation is a common feature of rockfall that exerts a strong control on the trajectories of the generated blocks, the impact energies, and the runout. In this paper, we present a set of four real-scale rockfall tests aimed at studying the fragmentation of the rocky blocks, from the global design of the field procedure to the data analysis and the main results. A total of 124 limestone, dacite, or granite blocks ranging between 0.2 and 5 m3 were dropped from different heights (8.5 to 23.6 m) onto four slopes with different shapes (single or double bench) and slope angles (42º to 71º). The characteristics of the blocks, in particular the size, surface texture and joint condition, were measured before the drops. The trajectories of the blocks and both the initial and the impact velocities were tracked and recorded by means of three high-speed video cameras. A total of 200 block-to-ground impacts have been studied. On average, 40% of the blocks broke upon impact on the slope or on the ground, making it necessary to measure the fragments. The initial and final sizes of the blocks/fragments were measured by hand with tape, though photogrammetric techniques (UAV and terrestrial) were also used for comparison purposes. The information gathered during the field tests provides a deep insight into the fragmentation processes. On the one hand, the high-resolution slow-motion videos help to describe when and how the block breakage takes place and the spatial distribution of the pieces. On the other hand, it is possible to compute the block trajectories, the velocities, and the energy losses using videogrammetry. The results include, for instance, a block average fragmentation of 54% and 14% for the limestone and granitoids, respectively; the systematic inventory of the size fragments, which may be used for fitting the power law distributions; and after each breakage, the total angle of aperture occupied by the fragments has been measured, with values in the range 25º–145º. To figure out the different behavior of the blocks in terms of breakage/no breakage, each block-to-ground impact has been characterized with a set of parameters describing the energy level, the robustness of the substrate, and the configuration of the block contact at the impact point, among others. All these terms are combined in a function F, which is used to adjust the field data. The adjustment has been carried out, first, for the whole 200 events and later for a subset of them. The procedure and the results are described in the paper. Although the discrimination capability of F is moderately satisfactory, it is very sensitive to the test site and setup. It must be highlighted that these field tests are a unique source of data to adjust the parameters of the numerical simulation models in use for rockfall studies and risk mitigation, especially when fragmentation during the propagation is considered.

This paper outlines challenges and opportunities in operating underwater robots (so-called AUVs) on a seaweed farm. The need is driven by an emerging aquaculture industry on the Swedish west coast where large-scale seaweed farms are being developed. In this paper, the operational challenges are described and key technologies in using autonomous systems as a core part of the operation are developed and demonstrated. The paper presents a system and methods for operating an AUV in the seaweed farm, including initial localization of the farm based on a prior estimate and dead-reckoning navigation, and the subsequent scanning of the entire farm. Critical data from sidescan sonars for algorithm development are collected from real environments at a test site in the ocean, and the results are demonstrated in a simulated seaweed farm setup.

Electric transportation will assist in lowering emissions of greenhouse gases and mitigating the impact of rising petrol prices. To promote the widespread adoption of electric transportation, a diverse range of charging stations must be established in an atmosphere that is friendly to users. Wireless electric vehicle charging systems are a viable alternative technology that can charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. Wireless power transfer (WPT), which involves the transmission of electricity via an electromagnetic field despite the presence of an intervening area, holds out the possibility of new prospects for EVs to increase environmentally responsible mobility. This review article examines the WPT technology and how it might be applied to electric vehicles from both a technical and safety standpoint. The prime aim of this review is (1) to illustrate the current state of the art in terms of technological advances as well as research limitations in the field of WPT development and use within the field of transportation; (2) to organise the experimental the deployment of WPT EV systems in the actual world; and (3) to analyse the results over a sustainable period and to identify limitations as well as chances for growth. From a technical point of view, the progress that has been made on the selection of material for designing coils, different types of coils with a specific focus on the overall performance of the system. As a result, this study aims to provide an extensive overview focusing on the magnetic materials and the architectures of the transmitter and receiver pads.