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Beginning with the negotiations that concluded with the unanimous adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide on December 9, 1948, and extending to the present day, the United States, Soviet Union/Russia, China, United Kingdom, and France have put forth great effort to ensure that they will not be implicated in the crime of genocide. If this were to fail, they have also ensured that holding any of them accountable for genocide will be practically impossible. By situating genocide prevention in a system of territorial jurisdiction; by excluding protection for political groups and acts constituting cultural genocide from the Genocide Convention; by controlling when genocide is meaningfully named at the Security Council; and by pointing the responsibility to protect in directions away from any of the P-5, they have achieved what can only be described as practical impunity for genocide. The Politics of Genocide is the first book to explicitly demonstrate how the permanent member nations have exploited the Genocide Convention to isolate themselves from the reach of the law, marking them as \"outlaw states.\"

The major essays of Dan Diner, who is widely read and quoted in Germany and Israel, are finally collected in an English edition. They reflect the author’s belief that the Holocaust transcends traditional patterns of historical understanding and requires an epistemologically distinct approach. One can no longer assume that actors as well as historians are operating in the same conceptual universe, sharing the same criteria of rational discourse. This is particularly true of victims and perpetrators, whose memories shape the distortions of historical narrative in ways often diametrically opposed. The essays are divided into three groups. The first group talks about anti-Semitism in the context of the 1930s and the ideologies that drove the Nazi regime. The second group concentrates on the almost unbelievably different perceptions of the \"Final Solution,\" with particularly illuminating discussions of the Judenrat, or Jewish council. The third group considers the Holocaust as the subject of narrative and historical memory. Diner focuses above all on perspectives: the very notions of rationality and irrationality are seen to be changeable, depending on who is applying them. And because neither rational nor irrational motives can be universally assigned to participants in the Holocaust, Diner proposes, from the perspective of the victims, the idea of the counterrational. His work is directed toward developing a theory of Holocaust historiography and offers, clearly and coherently, the highest level of reflection on these problems.

Six questions are outlined and then responded to about Holocaust denial. These consider (1) Holocaust denial's view of the Holocaust counterfactually—if it had occurred; (2) the presumed adequacy of the binary choice between Holocaust denial and affirmation; (3) the status and credence of their own assertions among denial advocates; (4) the often implied historiographic uniqueness of Holocaust denial; (5) the contributions to Holocaust history of the denial position; (6) the measures—scholarly, legislative, practical—that have been or might be directed at the phenomenon of Holocaust denial.

This article discusses together two recent prize-winning works of epic proportions that have received much attention: Saul Friedländer's two-volume historical study Nazi Germany and the Jews and Jonathan Littell's novel Les Bienveillantes (The Kindly Ones), the former of which focuses on victims and the latter on perpetrators of the \"Final Solution.\" I provide a critical analysis of Littell's novel, especially with respect to its seemingly fatalistic mingling of erotic and genocidal motifs and its disavowal or underestimation of the difficulty and necessity of understanding victims of the Nazi genocide. My analysis raises the question of the extent to which the notoriety of the novel may be due to the way it instantiates influential approaches to both literature and the Holocaust in terms of an aesthetic of the sublime, excess, radical ambiguity (resolvable at best into irony and paradox), and fatalistic entry into an incomprehensible \"heart of darkness.\" Crucial here is the notion that an object (paradigmatically, the Holocaust) both demands representation or explanation and ultimately is beyond comprehension, narrative, or even words. I also reevaluate the bases for the justified praise accorded Friedländer's masterwork and question certain claims made on its behalf by commentators, especially with respect to literary and historiographical innovation. In so doing, I explore and defend the role of critical theory in relation to historical narrative.

This paper offers a focalization reading of Michael Chabon’s The Final Solution, attempting to uncover the way the author narrates the Holocaust with both animal and human perspectives. Drawing on the existing scholarship regarding focalization, it engages with the parrot’s and the old man’s points of view, and looks at their significance to the representation of the protagonist’s Holocaust memories. Aided by Holocaust imagery and consciousness representation techniques, the parrot’s animal and the old man’s Holmesian perspectives evoke the scenes of the Holocaust and the Nazi images, and show a Holocaust that is irrational, unknowable and unspeakable, that is, Chabon reconfigures the focalization structure of Holmesian canon to demonstrate the inability of Holmesian reason to solve the mystery of the Holocaust, and the inability of human language to speak about the horror and trauma of the Holocaust. For Chabon, this unique focalization pattern helps to present the trauma and existential crisis of the protagonist, and narrate his Holocaust memories artistically.

Soilless cultivation systems are efficient tools to control nitrates by managing nutrient solution (NS) salinity and nitrogen availability, however, these nitrate-lowering strategies require appropriate calibration based on species/genotype-specific responses interacting with climate and growing conditions. Three experiments were carried out on lettuce and Cichorium endivia grown in ebb-and-flow (EF) and floating (FL) systems at two levels of NS salinity (EC = 2.5 and 3.5 dS m −1 ) (EC2.5, EC3.5, respectively) under autumn and early-spring (lettuce) and winter and late-spring conditions ( C. endivia ). Nitrogen deprivation (NS withdrawal a few days before the harvest) was tested at EC2.5, in the autumn and winter cycles. The EF-system caused an increase in salinity in the substrate where roots mainly develop so it mimicked the effect of the EC3.5 treatment. In the winter-grown lettuce, the EF-system or EC3.5 treatment was effective in reducing the nitrate level without effects on yield, with the EF baby-leaf showing an improved quality (color, dry matter, chlorophylls, carotenoid, vitamin C, phenol). In both seasons, the EF/EC3.5 treatment resulted in a decline in productivity, despite a further reduction in nitrate content and a rise in product quality occurring. This response was strictly linked to the increasing salt-stress loaded by the EC3.5/EF as highlighted by the concurrent Cl − accumulation. In early-spring, the FL/EC3.5 combination may represent a trade-off between yield, nitrate content and product quality. In contrast, in winter-grown endive/escarole the EC3.5, EF and EC3.5/EF reduced the nitrate level with no effect on yield, product quality or Cl − uptake, thus proving them to be more salt-tolerant than lettuce. High temperatures during the late-spring cycle promoted nitrate and Cl − uptake, overcoming the nitrate-controlling effect of salinity charged by the EF system or EC3.5. The nitrate level decreased after 3 day-long (lettuce) or 6 day-long ( C. endivia ) NS withdrawal. In C. endivia and EF-grown lettuce, it provoked a decrease in yield, but a concurrent improvement in baby-leaf appearance and nutritional quality. More insights are needed to fine-tune the duration of the NS removal taking into account the soilless system used and species-specific characteristics.

Aim: This study aimed to compare smear layer removal ability of different solutions of Triphala (TA) when used in specific irrigant protocols in curved canals. Materials and Methods: Seventy-four mandibular first molars with 25-35degrees of curvature of mesial roots were selected and standardized, and canals were prepared. As the initial rinse solution (8mL), 5% sodium hypochlorite was used. Samples were divided into control (Group I-normal saline, Group II-17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and experimental (Group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX) groups based on the type of final rinse solution (5mL) used, that is, TA-premixed (P), TA-(P)-sonic, TA-(P)-ultrasonic, 3% TA solution, 5% TA solution, 10% TA solution, and 10% citric acid. Samples were dehydrated, split buccolingually, splutter coated, and examined in field emission scanning electron microscope. Results: Among the experimental groups, Group V presented the least amounts of smear and debris in all thirds of the root canal with mean values of 1.6±0.63 and 1.6±0.62, respectively, and on comparison with Group II the results were comparable, and no significant difference was found statistically (P > 0.05). Group V presented with the highest amount of erosion with loss of peritubular and intertubular dentin at all levels with mean values of 1.60±0.51. Conclusion: The use of TA as a final rinse solution during biomechanical preparation seems promising.

Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the effect of QMix, BioPure MTAD, 17 % EDTA, and saline on the penetrability of a resin-based sealer into dentinal tubules using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and to describe the cleaning of root canal walls by SEM. Methods Eighty distobuccal roots from upper molars were selected and randomly divided into four groups ( n  = 20) before root canal preparation according to the solution used in the final rinse protocol (FRP): QG (QMix), MG (BioPure MTAD), EG (17 % EDTA), and CG (control group: saline). Ten roots of each group were prepared for SEM, and images (×2000) from the canal walls were acquired. The remaining canals were filled with a single gutta-percha cone and AH Plus with 0.1 % Rhodamine B. The specimens were horizontally sectioned at 4 mm from the apex, and the slices were analyzed in CLSM (×10). Sealer penetration was analyzed with Adobe Photoshop software. Results QG and EG presented similar amounts of sealer penetration ( P  > .05). MG and CG presented the lowest penetrability values ( P  < .05). The best results for smear layer removal of the apical third of the root canal were achieved by the QG and EG groups when compared with MG and CG ( P  < .05). Conclusions Seventeen percent EDTA and QMix promoted sealer penetration superior to that achieved by BioPure MTAD and saline. Clinical relevance Despite studies have not confirmed the relationship between sealing ability of endodontic sealers and their penetration in dentinal tubules, sealer penetration assumes importance, since endodontic sealers, unlike gutta-percha, are able to penetrate in dentinal tubules, isthmus, and accessory canals, filling the root canal system.

Aim: This study aims to compare intraradicular smear layer removal efficacy of different concentrations of glycolic acid (GA), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 10% citric acid (CA) as final rinses in the canals of curved mesial root of mandibular first molars using the specific irrigant protocols. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight mandibular first permanent molars with 15°-30° of curvature of the mesial roots were selected, standardized, mesiobuccal canal prepared using the rotary instrumentation. Sodium hypochlorite was used as initial rinse solution (8 ml). The samples were divided into control (n = 5) (I - Normal saline and II - 17% EDTA) and experimental groups (n = 8) (Groups III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) based on the type of final rinse solution (5 ml) used, i.e. 2.5% GA, 5% GA, 10% GA, 17% GA, 37% GA, and 10% CA. Samples were split buccolingually, dehydrated, splutter coated, and examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results: Group IV presented the least amounts of smear among the GA experimental groups at the apical, middle, and coronal one-thirds of the root canal with a mean value of 2.6 ± 1.012, and on comparison with Group II, the results were comparable, and no significant difference found statistically (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The use of GA as final rinse solution for biomechanical preparation during endodontic therapy seems promising. Further evaluation in a clinical setting is recommended.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare radicular smear layer removal ability of different solutions of phytic acid (PA) with other chelating agents when used in specific irrigant protocols. Materials and Methods: Seventy four maxillary central incisors were collected, standardized, and canals were prepared. A total of 5% sodium hypochlorite was used as the initial rinse solution (8 mL). Samples were divided into control (Group I-normal saline and II-7% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and experimental groups (Group III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) based on the type of final rinse solution used, that is, 5% PA, 10% PA, 17% PA, 5% citric acid (CA), 10% CA, and 17% CA (5 mL). Samples were coded, buccolingually divided into two halves, dehydrated, mounted, splutter coated, and examined under scanning electron microscope. Results: Group IV had the least smear and debris in coronal, middle, and apical thirds with mean scores of 1.06 and 1.3, respectively. When compared with Group II, no statistically significant difference was found (P > 0.05). Overall, the Group III had the lowest erosion scores at apical, middle, and coronal one-third with a mean of 1.68. Group VII had the highest amount of erosion with loss of peritubular and intertubular dentin at all levels. Conclusion: The role of PA as final rinse solution for the removal of radicular smear is promising and comparable to other chelating agents.