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Intra-row weed control in organic or low-input cropping systems is more difficult than in conventional agriculture. The various mechanical and thermal devices available for intra-row weed control are reported in this review. Low-tech mechanical devices such as cultivators, finger-weeders, brush weeders, and torsionweeders tend to be used in low density crops, while spring-tine harrows are mainly applied in narrow-row high-density crops. Flame weeding can be used for both narrow and wide-row sown crops, provided that the crop is heat-tolerant. Robotic weeders are the most recent addition to agricultural engineering, and only a few are available on the market. Nowadays, robotic weeders are not yet used in small and medium sized farms. In Europe, highincome niche crops are often cultivated in small farms and farmers cannot invest in high-tech solutions. Irrespectively of the choice of low- or high-tech machines, there are several weeders that can be used to reduce the use of herbicides, making of them a judicious use, or decide to avoid them.

Open-air crops are important in Spanish horticulture. The limited number of herbicide active ingredients in minor crops, the waste problem of polyethylene (PE) plastic mulch and the high prices of biodegradable plastics leave hand-weeding and mechanical weed control as the most viable weed control methods. Different tools have been tested in northern European countries but their performance remains unknown in the edaphoclimatic situation of southern Europe. The objective of this work was to test novel physical weed control methods on processing tomato in northeastern Spain compared with other effective control methods, i.e., plastic and paper mulches. A first sequence of field trials was established from 2005 to 2008 at Zaragoza (Spain) to select the best physical control methods out of flamer, torsion weeder, finger weeder, flex-tine harrow and brush hoe used alone or in combination. The best method was the brush hoe which was then compared from 2009 to 2011 with PE mulch, biodegradable plastic mulch and paper mulch. Flamer, flex-tine harrow, torsion weeder and finger weeder performed quite irregularly due to crusty soil conditions and needed additional tools or repeated treatments to increase weed control efficacy. The brush hoe performed best in this soil situation working at about 5 cm depth. Weed biomass reduction was higher than 80% in 6 out of 7 years and similar yield was obtained in the brushed plots compared to the yield obtained with PE, biodegradable plastic and paper mulch. The brush hoe is thus a suitable option for weed control in processing tomato while the other tools were too weak to control aggressive summer weeds in the tested conditions.

Propane flaming could be an effective alternative tool for weed control in organic cropping systems. However, response of major weeds to broadcast flaming must be determined to optimize its proper use. Therefore, field experiments were conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, Concord, NE in 2007 and 2008 using six propane doses and four weed species, including green foxtail, yellow foxtail, redroot pigweed, and common waterhemp. Our objective was to describe dose–response curves for weed control with propane. Propane flaming response was evaluated at three different growth stages for each weed species. The propane doses were 0, 12, 31, 50, 68, and 87 kg ha−1. Flaming treatments were applied utilizing a custom-built flamer mounted on a four-wheeler (all-terrain vehicle) moving at a constant speed of 6.4 km h−1. The response of the weed species to propane flaming was evaluated in terms of visual ratings of weed control and dry matter recorded at 14 d after treatment. Weed species response to propane doses were described by log-logistic models relating propane dose to visual ratings or plant dry matter. Overall, response of the weed species to propane flaming varied among species, growth stages, and propane dose. In general, foxtail species were more tolerant than pigweed species. For example, about 85 and 86 kg ha−1 were the calculated doses needed for 90% dry matter reduction in five-leaf green foxtail and four-leaf yellow foxtail compared with significantly lower doses of 68 and 46 kg ha−1 of propane for five-leaf redroot pigweed and common waterhemp, respectively. About 90% dry matter reduction in pigweed species was achieved with propane dose ranging from 40 to 80 kg ha−1, depending on the growth stage when flaming was conducted. A similar dose of 40 to 60 kg ha−1 provided 80% reduction in dry matter for both foxtail species when flaming was done at their vegetative growth stage. However, none of the doses we tested could provide 90% dry matter reduction in foxtail species at flowering stage. It is important to note that foxtail species started regrowing 2 to 3 wk after flaming. Broadcast flaming has potential for control or suppression of weeds in organic farming. Nomenclature: Redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer; green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.; yellow foxtail, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer and J. A. Schultes.

On Monday, Judge Andrew Mandell sentenced the 29-year-old Fitchburg resident in Fitchburg District Court. He was charged with three counts of assault and battery on a police officer, four counts of resisting arrest, and six counts of Class B drug possession.

\"We call Yeroham's education plan 'from infancy to academia,' said [Mitzna]. \"We take care of the whole gamut, from day-care centers to primary schools and high schools to young people's centers for 18- to 35-year-olds. The results are that people want to stay.\" \"When there is no trust, it becomes impossible to motivate people. You end up saying 'F--k off to the world, f--k off to my neighbors, f--k off to social problems, I'll take care of myself.\" \"That [sort of apathy] is the most pressing issue in Israeli society,\" said Mitzna, \"and the only way it will change is if people start by changing their attitude, taking an interest in their surroundings and acting to make a difference where they can. AMRAM MITZNA says he came to Yeroham to be 'on the frontlines of social action.' THE REHABILITATION of Lake Yeroham is one of the projects instigated by Mitzna during his term as mayor. Mitzna shows off Yeroham's new youth center.

[Reuven Flamer] had been frustrated in efforts to display the menora in 1991 and 1992. Because of vociferous objections to public displays of religious symbols - including the menora - by the American Jewish Committee and rabbis in White Plains, the mayor refused to grant permission for the menora in 1991. Responding to the public brouhaha, the city's council enacted a resolution prohibiting \"fixed outdoor displays of religious or political symbols\" in White Plains' public parks. Citing this local law, the mayor again denied [Chabad]'s request in 1992, even though - to comply with the scenario that had won Supreme Court approval in the Pittsburgh case - Flamer offered to erect his menora near the city's Christmas tree. DECIDING THE CASE in favor of Chabad took independence and courage. We had succeeded in litigation battles on behalf of the menora in 1992 in Grand Rapids, Michigan (before 15 federal judges of the Sixth Circuit) and in early 1993 in Atlanta, Georgia (before 11 federal judges of the Eleventh Circuit). But one of our few losses had been in Burlington, Vermont. In 1989 three federal judges of the Second Circuit (which covers Vermont, Connecticut and New York) had rejected the local Chabad's request to display a large menora in front of Burlington's City Hall on the ground that it would look like the city was unconstitutionally \"establishing\" a religion. That court of appeals had jurisdiction to review and reverse any decision the neophyte Judge [Sotomayor] might render in the White Plains case. The safest course for her was to hide behind the 1989 ruling and send Chabad packing.

WHILE Chris Flamer tries to maintain a regime of low-fat foods and exercise, he admits he doesn't rush to the doctor at the first sign of a problem. Like many men, Mr Flamer, 59, doesn't have a scheduled annual medical check-up and usually only visits his doctor one or twice a year when an infection or other problem pushes him into the surgery, or for a blood test or to get a new prescription. Mr Flamer is obsessive about his classic car, which is serviced by a mechanic at least twice a year and is about to undergo an engine overhaul.

[George Flamer] is charged in the shooting death of Rasheed Scott, who died after an argument during a basketball game on a court at 29th Street and Oak Avenue.

Another FAMU student, Jimmy Ray Elliott, 20, was wounded in an unrelated shooting on Monday at an off-campus apartment complex. No arrests have been made in that case, partly because Elliott has been uncooperative, [Phil Kiracofe] said.

\"Everybody knows the lady who drives this car,\" said [Gladys Flamer], slowly rolling up to a stop sign in downtown Coatesville. \"It's just like me. It's wearing out, but it's still going.\" Sometimes, her language shows her age. There's a lot of \"nonsense\" nowadays, as she sees it. As in \"That Congress is a mess now. Did you ever hear of such nonsense?\" and \"These young kids, they want to dress crazy with this pants way down and all that nonsense.\" But then she'll joke about how someone \"tried to psych me out.\" \"She came to me and said, 'You're going to preach my funeral,' and I said, 'I won't be around. That's another 100 years from now.' We laughed about it,\" [Jeffrey Miller] said. \"Lord bless us she'll be here another 100 years to help others who come along.\"