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"flood control"
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Changes in flood risk in Europe
This title delivers a wealth of information on changes in flood risk in Europe, and considers causes for change. The temporal coverage is mostly focused on post-1900 events, reflecting the typical availability of data, but some information on earlier flood events is also included.
Book
A new era of flood control strategies from the perspective of managing the 2020 Yangtze River flood
Flood control of the Yangtze River is an important part of China’s national water security. In July 2020, due to continuous heavy rainfall, the water levels along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and major lakes constantly exceeded the warning levels, in which Taihu Lake exceeded its highest safety water level and some stations of Poyang Lake reached their highest water levels in its history. In August 2020, another huge flood occurred in the Minjiang River and the Jialing River in the upper Yangtze River, and some areas of Chongqing Municipality and other cities along the rivers were inundated, resulting in great pressure on flood control and high disaster losses. The 2020 Yangtze River flood has received extensive media coverage and raised concerns on the roles of the Three Gorges Dam and other large reservoirs in flood control. Here we analyze the changes in the pattern of the Yangtze River flood control by comparing the strategies to tackle the three heavy floods occurring in 1954, 1998, and 2020. We propose that the overall strategy of the Yangtze River flood control in the new era should adhere to the principle of “Integration of storage and drainage over the entire Yangtze River Basin, with draining floods downstream as the first priority” by using both engineering and non-engineering measures. On the basis of embankments, the engineering measures should use the Three Gorges Dam and other large reservoirs as the major regulatory means, promote the construction of key flood detention areas, keep the floodways clear, and maintain the ecosystem services of wetlands and shoals. In terms of non-engineering measures, we should strengthen adaptive flood risk management under climate change, standardize the use of lands in flood detention areas, give space to floods, and promote the implementation of flood risk maps and flood insurance policies. The ultimate goal of this new flood control system is to enhance the adaptability to frequent floods and increase the resilience to extreme flood disasters.
Journal Article
Flood readiness
\"Flooding from torrential rain and melting snows can devastate areas where people live. This informative book examines what scientists know about flooding, whether we can predict floods, and how we learn from each event. By studying the destruction they cause, scientists and engineers continue to come up with new and improved technologies to predict severe weather and better protect cities, buildings, and people. Case studies and brief bios of key scientists and organizations highlight the information\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system
This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers.
Journal Article
A Framework for Flood Risk Analysis and Benefit Assessment of Flood Control Measures in Urban Areas
Flood risk analysis is more complex in urban areas than that in rural areas because of their closely packed buildings, different kinds of land uses, and large number of flood control works and drainage systems. The purpose of this paper is to propose a practical framework for flood risk analysis and benefit assessment of flood control measures in urban areas. Based on the concept of disaster risk triangle (hazard, vulnerability and exposure), a comprehensive analysis method and a general procedure were proposed for urban flood risk analysis. Urban Flood Simulation Model (UFSM) and Urban Flood Damage Assessment Model (UFDAM) were integrated to estimate the flood risk in the Pudong flood protection area (Shanghai, China). S-shaped functions were adopted to represent flood return period and damage (R-D) curves. The study results show that flood control works could significantly reduce the flood risk within the 66-year flood return period and the flood risk was reduced by 15.59%. However, the flood risk was only reduced by 7.06% when the flood return period exceeded 66-years. Hence, it is difficult to meet the increasing demands for flood control solely relying on structural measures. The R-D function is suitable to describe the changes of flood control capacity. This frame work can assess the flood risk reduction due to flood control measures, and provide crucial information for strategy development and planning adaptation.
Journal Article
Investigating variations of precipitation concentration in the transitional zone between Qinling Mountains and Loess Plateau in China: Implications for regional impacts of AO and WPSH
Changes in precipitation patterns greatly impact regional drought/flood risk management and utilization of water resources. The main purpose of this paper was to investigate spatio-temporal variability of precipitation concentration in the transitional zone between Qinling Mountains (QDM), Guanzhong Plain (GZP) and the Loess Plateau (LPNS) in China, using monthly-scale precipitation concentration index (PCI) and daily-scale concentration index (CI) from daily rainfall records. The Mann-Kendall method was employed to illustrate the change in trend of PCI and CI, the Kriging interpolation method was adopted to measure spatial distribution, and the Wavelet transforms were used to explore their spatio-temporal correlation with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) & Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) for revealing the potential attribution of precipitation concentration variation. Also, the regional implication of CI was investigated in the zone to provide local knowledge of the index application. Results showed that annual precipitation demonstrated a north-south increasing layered spatial distribution in the zone, representing a generally decreasing trend. The CI change generally exhibited a more significant decreasing trend than did PCI in LPNS and GZP due to AO slowly increasing over time, with a spatially weak layered or radial north-south decay, and an insignificant increasing trend in QDM impacted by the enhancing WPSH, with an obvious layered or radial spatial distribution. The spatiotemporal pattern of PCI variation represented similar characteristics in attribution with CI, but an inverse spatial distribution due to the phase difference (positive and negative effects) of AO and WPSH influencing seasonal precipitation. Regional analysis of CI showed that the CI value with over 0.62 indicated that approximately 80% of precipitation was contributed by 25% of the rainiest days in this zone. Fortunately, the area with this high CI has been getting smaller, implying a positive trend toward regional flash flood and debris flow control.
Journal Article
Morphometric analysis and flash floods hazards assessment for Wadi Al Aawag drainage Basins, southwest Sinai, Egypt
Assessment of surface runoff in arid regions is extremely important. Water means life; hence, the best management of flash floods promote groundwater recharge, prevents flood hazards and soil drift that is required for developing purposes. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the morphometric parameters and flash flood hazards that frequently occurred in Wadi Al Aawag Drainage Basin. The study is based on applying the Arc GIS 10.5 program to draw drainage basins and to compute their morphometric attributes. The hydraulic model (HEC-HMS) in the WMS program was used to compute the peak flow hydrograph of floods for different sub-basin. The calculations of water quantities and peak flow were based on the SCS unit hydrograph approach. Results indicate that all the studied sub-basins have low Rb (1.99–3.7), this tends to give more possibilities to flash floods. The studied sub-basins have high densities ranges between 1.21 (Maier) and 1.62 km/Km2 (Ghewitat), this reflects high relief, impermeable subsurface material, and low contribution for groundwater, especially in the area covered by basement rocks (upstream portions). The decrease in time of concentration of Gebah is associated with an increase in the relief (1900 m) and relief ratio (83.3 m/km), which represent the land has a steep slope. Maier and Habran sub-basin, gives the maximum runoff volume, peak discharge, runoff depth, and runoff velocity during the storms of March 2014 and March 2020. These sub-basins have high CN value, the biggest area, long stream length, and high stream numbers. The study ended with a set of recommendations that mitigate the flash flood risks.
Journal Article