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Meet a baby horse
\"This book describes the life of a baby horse as it grows and develops. Readers will learn about horses as well as concepts such as the life cycle\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Dystocia in the Standardbred Mare: A Retrospective Study from 2004 to 2020
Dystocia as a prolonged stage II parturition (>30 min) was associated with a higher risk of complications. The hypothesis of the study was that any type of dystocia could affect the foal’s health, even when the stage II was <30 min. Clinical reports on 222 Standardbred mares and their foals hospitalized at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Bologna from 2004 to 2020 were reviewed. Mares were divided into the Eutocia Group (165, eutocic delivery) and the Dystocia Group (57, dystocic delivery). The incidence of dystocia was 4.9%. Stage II was longer in the Dystocia Group (median 20 min) than in the Eutocia Group (median 12 min). All occurrences of dystocia were retrospectively classified into three categories of severity: mild, moderate and severe dystocia. The occurrence of postpartum complications in mares and neonatal diseases and failure of passive transfer of immunity in foals was higher in the Dystocia Group. Foal venous lactatemia and serum creatine kinase were significantly higher in the Dystocia Group (median 3.9 mmol/L; 262 UI/L respectively) than in the Eutocia Group (median 3.1 mmol/L; 187 UI/L respectively). The APGAR score was lower in the Dystocia Group (median 8) than in the Eutocia Group (median 10) and significantly lower in severe dystocia (median 3). The duration of stage II should not be considered the only parameter of dystocia in mares: even a rapid resolution of dystocia could pose health risks to the foal and the mare.
Journal Article
From foal to horse
Using simple text and pictures, this book describes what a foal is, and how it grows into an adult horse.
Book
Behavioral and hormonal assessment of stress in foals
This study had the aim to demonstrate the midterm effects (three weeks) of weaning on foals' welfare. For this purpose, foals' behavioral changes and fecal levels metabolites of cortisol were evaluated. The observations took place at the state stud farm of Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany. Ten foals (six colts and four fillies) were observed from one day before weaning up until three weeks after weaning. Weaning was divided into three blocks, the first in September, the second in October, and the last in November. The behavioral observation was done during an eight-hour period between 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The observer documented the exact behavior shown by the foal every five minutes during the eight hours. To scale the stress experienced by the foal, the glucocorticoid metabolite 11,17-dioxoandrostane was measured with the 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay, which allows assessing the foal's plasma cortisol level changes throughout the trail through fecal samples. All foals displayed a distinct hormonal stress response to the weaning process through increased fecal cortisol metabolite levels. Their body posture distribution took a shift from mainly moving before weaning to mainly standing during the three weeks after weaning. Compared with the day before weaning, the foals showed less active behavior and significantly increased their resting behavior. Regarding the overall resting behavior, the weaned foals initially increased their time spent resting in a lying position during daytime and then started to decrease the time lying. After weaning, the foals showed a significant increase in resting while standing. In conclusion, the foals showed an expected behavioral development and an expected curve of cortisol metabolite values throughout the study. However, it seemed that the changes had not returned \"back to normal\" at three weeks after weaning. Therefore, we suggest that weaned foals need a minimum of three weeks to acclimate to the new situation.
Journal Article
The homeless foal
When a new foal is born at Animal Magic, Ella wants to make sure that she can find a new home for him that is close enough for her to visit.
Book
Evaluation of updated sepsis scoring systems and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and their association with sepsis in equine neonates
Abstract
Background
The original equine sepsis score provided a method of identifying foals with sepsis. New variables associated with sepsis have been evaluated, but the sepsis score has not been updated.
Objectives
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of 2 updated sepsis scores and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria in regard to detecting sepsis in foals.
Animals
Two-hundred and seventy-three ill foals and 25 healthy control foals.
Methods
Historical, physical examination, and clinicopathologic findings were used to calculate the original sepsis score and 2 updated sepsis scores. SIRS criteria were also evaluated. Sepsis scores and positive SIRS scores were statistically compared to foals with sepsis.
Results
One-hundred and twenty-six foals were septic and 147 sick-nonseptic. The original and updated sepsis scores were significantly higher in septic foals as compared to sick-nonseptic and healthy foals. The sensitivity and specificity of the updated sepsis scores to predict sepsis were not significantly better than those of the original sepsis score. One-hundred and twenty-seven of 273 (46.5%) foals met the original SIRS criteria and 88/273 (32%) foals met the equine neonatal SIRS criteria. The original SIRS criteria had similar sensitivity and specificity for predicting sepsis as did the 3 sepsis scores in our study.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The updated sepsis scores did not provide improved ability in predicting sepsis. Fulfilling the original SIRS criteria provided similar sensitivity and specificity in predicting sepsis as the modified sepsis score and might serve as a diagnostic aid in identifying foals at risk for sepsis.
Journal Article
Horses and foals
Early readers learn all about horses and how they live their lives. Accessible text paired with bright photographs show horses running, eating, and raising their foals. Readers learn fun facts, like how most foals are born in spring. Later, readers take in the sight of foals and horses living together as a family as the babies learn to stand and take their first steps!
Book
Factors associated with the risk of positive blood culture in neonatal foals presented to a referral center (2000-2014)
Abstract
Background
Bloodstream infections (BSI) are common in sick foals and increase foal morbidity and mortality when they occur. Recognition of risk factors for BSI could be an important means to limit their occurrence, but studies on this topic are limited.
Objectives
Historical as well as maternal and foal physical examination findings will predict risk of BSI in neonatal foals.
Animals
Foals <14 days of age admitted to a referral equine hospital for care.
Methods
Retrospective case-control study with univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis.
Results
Four hundred twenty-nine (143 cases and 286 controls) foals <14 days of age were studied. Risk of a foal having a BSI was increased in foals with umbilical disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 11.01; P = .02), hypoglycemia (adjusted OR, 13.51; P = .03), and the combined presence of umbilical disease and low hematocrit (adjusted OR, >999.99; P = .04). Factors not found to be risk factors for development of BSI included prematurity, hypothermia, abdominal disease, diarrhea, failure of passive transfer, and maternal uterine infection.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Several historical and physical examination findings increase the risk of foals being blood culture positive at presentation to the hospital. This knowledge may aid early identification of blood culture status, thus aiding in treatment decisions.
Journal Article
Horse
Illustrations and simple text describe the first year of a foal's life, from his birth one warm spring night, through lazy summer days, to the next spring, when he is old enough to be bridled like his mother.
Book
Antibiograms of Bacterial Cultures From Equine Neonates at a United Kingdom Hospital: 381 Samples (2018–2023)
Abstract
Background
Geographical specific data is required to guide empirical antimicrobial selection in equine neonates.
Objectives
Evaluate antibiograms and survival in foals from a United Kingdom (UK)-based hospital to guide antimicrobial selection.
Animals
Blood and synovial fluid samples from 208 foals ≤ 30 days old admitted to Rossdales Equine Hospital from 2018 to 2023.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disc diffusion method. Bacterial culture and susceptibility and foal survival were recorded. The effects of the presence of positive culture or multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates on survival were evaluated using univariable mixed effects logistic regression.
Results
Ninety-one isolates were identified from 381 samples from 208 foals. Predominantly gram-positive (75%, 68/91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 65%–83%) isolates were identified, and Enterococcus (26%, 24/91; 95% CI: 18%–37%) was the most commonly isolated bacteria. MDR was identified in 21% of isolates (19/91; 95% CI: 13%–31%). Enterococcus was the most frequent MDR isolate (7/19). The combination of ampicillin and amikacin showed in vitro susceptibility in 90% (81/90; 95% CI: 82%–95%) of aerobic isolates. In total, 87% of foals were discharged from the hospital (180/208; 95% CI: 81%–91%). No association was identified between survival and the presence of positive culture or MDR isolates.
Main Limitations
Retrospective design; missing data for prior antimicrobial treatment, reason for admission and admission variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Ampicillin and amikacin are appropriate combination first-line antimicrobial treatments in this population. Many Gram-positive isolates were identified, most notably Enterococcus. Culture and susceptibility guided antimicrobial choices remain crucial, especially given the unpredictable susceptibility of Enterococcus and the frequency of MDR Enterococcus isolates identified.
Journal Article