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The purpose of this study was to examine the relative validity of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ) for estimating nutrient intake. Dietary data were obtained from 111 Japanese women and 111 Japanese men, using the online MDHQ and the 4-non-consecutive-day weighed dietary record (DR). The number of nutrients (total n = 46) showing no significant mean differences between estimates from the online MDHQ and DR (with energy adjustment by the density model) was 17 among women and 12 among men. The median value (25th and 75th percentiles) of the Pearson correlation coefficients between the online MDHQ and DR estimates was 0.54 (0.35–0.57) among women and 0.45 (0.25–0.53) among men. Bland–Altman plots for energy-providing nutrients indicated wide limits of agreement (and proportional bias for protein) with overall underestimation of protein and fat and overestimation of carbohydrate by the online MDHQ. Similar results were found when the paper version of the MDHQ (completed after the DR) was examined. For example, the median value of the Pearson correlation coefficients was 0.54 for women and 0.45 for men. This study suggests that the MDHQ has an acceptable ability to rank individuals according to intakes of a wide range of nutrients.

The availability of detailed, harmonised and high‐quality food consumption data for use in dietary exposure assessments is a long‐term objective of EFSA. In 2009, the EFSA guidance on “General principles for the collection of national food consumption data in the view of a pan‐European dietary survey” was published, and a pan‐European food consumption survey, also known as the “EU Menu”, was launched. Based on the 2009 EFSA guidance, two EU Menu feasibility pilot studies and two methodological projects, EFSA has updated the former guidance document to cover the EU Menu methodology and therefore facilitate the collection of more harmonised food consumption data from all European Union Member States by the year 2020. This guidance has been developed by the EFSA Evidence Management Unit (DATA) and the EU Menu Working Group with Advisory Function, and has been endorsed by the EFSA Network on Food Consumption Data. It provides recommendations for the collection of more harmonised food consumption data among the EU Member States for use in dietary exposure assessments of food‐borne hazards and nutrient intake estimations under the remit of EFSA's scientific panels. Food consumption information should be collected for two non‐consecutive days. The 24‐hour food diary method, followed by a computer‐assisted personal or telephone interview (CAPI/CATI), should be used to collect data from infants and children. For all other age groups, the 24‐hour dietary recall CAPI/CATI method should be used. The reported foods should be described in accordance with the EFSA FoodEx2 food classification system. A short food propensity questionnaire should be used to collect information on the consumption of some less frequently eaten foods and the consumption frequencies of food supplements. Information on the weight, height and physical activity levels of participants should also be collected in the survey.

Thorough dietary assessment is essential to obtain accurate food and nutrient intake data yet challenging because of the limitations of current methods. Image-based methods may decrease energy underreporting and increase the validity of self-reported dietary intake. Keenoa is an image-assisted food diary that integrates artificial intelligence food recognition. We hypothesized that Keenoa is as valid for dietary assessment as the automated self-administered 24-hour recall (ASA24)–Canada and better appreciated by users. We aimed to evaluate the relative validity of Keenoa against a 24-hour validated web-based food recall platform (ASA24) in both healthy individuals and those living with diabetes. Secondary objectives were to compare the proportion of under- and overreporters between tools and to assess the user’s appreciation of the tools. We used a randomized crossover design, and participants completed 4 days of Keenoa food tracking and 4 days of ASA24 food recalls. The System Usability Scale was used to assess perceived ease of use. Differences in reported intakes were analyzed using 2-tailed paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank test and deattenuated correlations by Spearman coefficient. Agreement and bias were determined using the Bland-Altman test. Weighted Cohen κ was used for cross-classification analysis. Energy underreporting was defined as a ratio of reported energy intake to estimated resting energy expenditure <0.9. A total of 136 participants were included (mean 46.1, SD 14.6 years; 49/136, 36% men; 31/136, 22.8% with diabetes). The average reported energy intakes (kcal/d) were 2171 (SD 553) in men with Keenoa and 2118 (SD 566) in men with ASA24 (P=.38) and, in women, 1804 (SD 404) with Keenoa and 1784 (SD 389) with ASA24 (P=.61). The overall mean difference (kcal/d) was −32 (95% CI −97 to 33), with limits of agreement of −789 to 725, indicating acceptable agreement between tools without bias. Mean reported macronutrient, calcium, potassium, and folate intakes did not significantly differ between tools. Reported fiber and iron intakes were higher, and sodium intake lower, with Keenoa than ASA24. Intakes in all macronutrients (r=0.48-0.73) and micronutrients analyzed (r=0.40-0.74) were correlated (all P<.05) between tools. Weighted Cohen κ scores ranged from 0.30 to 0.52 (all P<.001). The underreporting rate was 8.8% (12/136) with both tools. Mean System Usability Scale scores were higher for Keenoa than ASA24 (77/100, 77% vs 53/100, 53%; P<.001); 74.8% (101/135) of participants preferred Keenoa. The Keenoa app showed moderate to strong relative validity against ASA24 for energy, macronutrient, and most micronutrient intakes analyzed in healthy adults and those with diabetes. Keenoa is a new, alternative tool that may facilitate the work of dietitians and nutrition researchers. The perceived ease of use may improve food-tracking adherence over longer periods.

Current limitations of conventional dietary assessment methods restrict the establishment of diet–disease relationships and efficacy of dietary interventions. Technology, in particular the use of mobile phones, may help resolve methodologic limitations, in turn improving the validity of dietary assessment and research and associated findings. This review aims to evaluate the validity, feasibility, and acceptability of dietary assessment methods that have been deployed on mobile phone platforms. In August 2013, electronic databases for health sciences were searched for English, peer-reviewed, full-text articles, published from January 1, 2001 onward; and accompanied by a hand search of available relevant publications from universities and government bodies. Studies were not limited by design, length, setting, or population group. Of 194 articles, 12 met eligibility criteria: mobile phone as the dietary recording platform and validation of energy and/or macronutrient intake against another dietary or biological reference method. Four dietary recoding methods had been validated on mobile phone platforms: electronic food diary, food photograph-assisted self-administered, 24 h recall, food photograph analysis by trained dietitians, and automated food photograph analysis. All mobile phone dietary assessment methods showed similar, but not superior, validity or reliability when compared with conventional methods. Participants' satisfaction and preferences for mobile phone dietary assessment methods were higher than those for conventional methods, indicating the need for further research. Validity testing in larger and more diverse populations, over longer durations is required to evaluate the efficacy of these methods in dietary research.

Background Accurate and feasible assessment of dietary intake remains challenging for research and healthcare. Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) is a real-time real-life data capturing method with low burden and good feasibility not yet fully explored as alternative dietary assessment method. Methods This scoping review is the first to explore the implementation of ESM as an alternative to traditional dietary assessment methods by mapping the methodological considerations to apply ESM and formulating recommendations to develop an Experience Sampling-based Dietary Assessment Method (ESDAM). The scoping review methodology framework was followed by searching PubMed (including OVID) and Web of Science from 2012 until 2024. Results Screening of 646 articles resulted in 39 included articles describing 24 studies. ESM was mostly applied for qualitative dietary assessment (i.e. type of consumed foods) ( n  = 12), next to semi-quantitative dietary assessment (i.e. frequency of consumption, no portion size) ( n  = 7), and quantitative dietary assessment (i.e. type and portion size of consumed foods) ( n  = 5). Most studies used ESM to assess the intake of selected foods. Two studies applied ESM as an alternative to traditional dietary assessment methods assessing total dietary intake quantitatively (i.e. all food groups). ESM duration ranged from 4 to 30 days and most studies applied ESM for 7 days ( n  = 15). Sampling schedules were mostly semi-random ( n  = 12) or fixed ( n  = 9) with prompts starting at 8–10 AM and ending at 8–12 PM. ESM questionnaires were adapted from existing questionnaires, based on food consumption data or focus group discussions, and respond options were mostly presented as multiple-choice. Recall period to report dietary intake in ESM prompts varied from 15 min to 3.5 h. Conclusions Most studies used ESM for 7 days with fixed or semi-random sampling during waking hours and 2-h recall periods. An ESDAM can be developed starting from a food record approach (actual intake) or a validated food frequency questionnaire (long-term or habitual intake). Actual dietary intake can be measured by ESM through short intensive fixed sampling schedules while habitual dietary intake measurement by ESM allows for longer less frequent semi-random sampling schedules. ESM sampling protocols should be developed carefully to optimize feasibility and accuracy of dietary data.

Since 1993, dietary assessment has been carried out in Greenland as part of recurrent population health surveys. In preparation for the next survey in 2024, 91 participants from the survey in 2018 were selected for a validation study of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The 91 participants were reinterviewed 38-50 months after the first FFQ and invited to complete a food diary. As part of the 2018 survey, blood was analysed for mercury. The food diary was completed by 65 participants. The agreement between the two FFQ interviews was very good for macronutrients and fatty acids (  > 0.20), whereas the calculated intake of mercury was 22% higher in the second FFQ (  = 0.04) due to a higher intake of whale meat and muktuk (whale skin). The agreement between the second FFQ and the food diary was good for local food, imported meat and cakes/sweets/snacks but fruit and vegetables, dairy products, beverages and added sugar were significantly underreported in the food diary. Food items not included in the FFQ were identified from the food diaries. The correlation between the intake of marine mammals and blood mercury was moderate (Spearman's rho = 0.41-0.50;  < 0.0001). The results will inspire future dietary studies in the circumpolar North.

PurposeFood wastage is a major contributor to pervasive world hunger. Cutting global food waste in half by 2030 is one of the United Nation's top priorities. Hence, this paper aims to provide useful insights on how individual behavior might be influenced to help reduce food wastage and hunger by identifying individual food waste determinants.Design/methodology/approachA total of 297 useable responses were obtained from a survey using a food diary method. A logit model was employed to estimate the relationship between leftovers and its determinants (preparedness to take own action, price conscious, food review, religiosity, health conscious, cost, marital status and gender).FindingsResults show that preparedness to be responsible for one's actions, depending on food reviews and being waste conscious had a significant positive relationship with food waste reducing behavior, along with being male and being married.Research limitations/implicationsThe study suggests that there is scope for policy initiatives to reduce the individual utility from discarding food and increase the individual utility from food saving activities. Penalizing individual or household food wastage through a tax will directly raise the cost of wastage and reduce the net utility from discarding food. Reducing food waste could help reduce global hunger.Originality/valueRationally, no one will have any intention to waste when buying food. Instead, in the context of deciding whether or not to leave leftover food, an individual is posited to weigh the potential utility from saving food or throwing it away. Thus, this study examines food waste behavior by utilizing economic tools, which is rare in the food waste literature.

PurposeThis study examines the consumption of fruit and vegetable (FV) beverages, distinguishing between sugar content, whether from added sugar (AS) or naturally occurring sugar (NOS). While FV beverages are widely perceived as a healthier alternative to other beverages, concerns about their sugar content persist, particularly for AS-sweetened beverages. This study examines the situational contexts (e.g. physical context, social context and temporal conditions) and food pairing contexts (vice versus virtue foods) that influence the selection of AS- over NOS-sweetened FV beverages. Furthermore, it also examines how situational factors and food pairing contexts interact to shape individuals’ FV beverage selection behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThis study used food diary data from March 2019 to May 2022 in South Korea, concentrating on the consumption of ready-to-drink FV beverages with food.FindingsThe results reveal specific situational contexts that increase the likelihood of choosing AS-sweetened FV beverages. In addition, AS-sweetened ones are more likely to be paired with vice foods, whereas NOS-sweetened ones are more likely to be paired with virtue foods. Furthermore, the study shows a significant interaction effect of the social context with paired food menus on FV beverage selection behaviour.Originality/valueThe consumer-centred approach of the study provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes behind FV beverage consumption. It validates that AS- and NOS-sweetened FV beverages are consumed in different situational contexts and with distinct food menus, enabling individuals to make healthier choices in their own consumption context.

Dietary patterns during pregnancy have been shown to influence the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, evidence from Asian populations is limited and inconsistent. We conducted a prospective cohort study in China to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and GDM. We administered three-day food diaries (TFD) and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) at the second trimester. GDM was diagnosed with a 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of gestation. We identified dietary patterns using principal components analysis and used multivariable logistic regression to investigate associations of dietary patterns with GDM. Of the 1014 participants, 23.5% were diagnosed with GDM. Both the TFD and FFQ identified a “traditional pattern”, consisting of high vegetable, fruit, and rice intake, which was associated with a lower GDM risk (odds ratio (OR) for quartile 4 versus quartile 1: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23–0.71 for traditional pattern (TFD); OR: 0.44, CI: 0.27–0.70 for traditional pattern (FFQ)). The protective associations were more pronounced among women ≥35 years old. A whole grain–seafood TFD pattern was associated with higher risk of GDM (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.10–2.74). These findings may provide evidence for making dietary guidelines among pregnant women in Chinese populations to prevent GDM.

Self-regulation of food intake is necessary for maintaining a healthy body weight. One of the characteristics of self-regulation is calorie compensation. Calorie compensation refers to adjusting the current meal’s energy content based on the energy content of the previous meal(s). Preload test studies measure a single instance of compensation in a controlled setting. The measurement of calorie compensation in free-living conditions has largely remained unexplored. This paper proposes a methodology that leverages extensive app-based observational food diary data to measure an individual’s calorie compensation profile in free-living conditions. Instead of a single compensation index followed in preload–test studies, we present the compensation profile as a distribution of days a user exhibits under-compensation, overcompensation, non-compensation, and precise compensation. We applied our methodology to the public food diary data of 1622 MyFitnessPal users. We empirically established that four weeks of food diaries were sufficient to characterize a user’s compensation profile accurately. We observed that meal compensation was more likely than day compensation. Dinner compensation had a higher likelihood than lunch compensation. Precise compensation was the least likely. Users were more likely to overcompensate for missing calories than for additional calories. The consequences of poor compensatory behavior were reflected in their adherence to their daily calorie goal. Our methodology could be applied to food diaries to discover behavioral phenotypes of poor compensatory behavior toward forming an early behavioral marker for weight gain.