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Forensics : the scene of the crime
Cold case files dont stay cold for very long anymore. After the medical and police teams have secured the area, the crime scene investigators arrive on the scene. This fascinating book follows the efforts of the different CSI personnel involved in gathering and analyzing the physical evidence of a crime, performing ballistics and DNA tests, following the digital trail through mobile device forensics, and giving evidence in court.
Book
A call for more science in forensic science
Forensic science is critical to the administration of justice. The discipline of forensic science is remarkably complex and includes methodologies ranging from DNA analysis to chemical composition to pattern recognition. Many forensic practices developed under the auspices of law enforcement and were vetted primarily by the legal system rather than being subjected to scientific scrutiny and empirical testing. Beginning in the 1990s, exonerations based on DNA-related methods revealed problems with some forensic disciplines, leading to calls for major reforms. This process generated a National Academy of Science report in 2009 that was highly critical of many forensic practices and eventually led to the establishment of the National Commission for Forensic Science (NCFS) in 2013. The NCFS was a deliberative body that catalyzed communication between nonforensic scientists, forensic scientists, and other stakeholders in the legal community. In 2017, despite continuing problems with forensic science, the Department of Justice terminated the NCFS. Just when forensic science needs the most support, it is getting the least. We urge the larger scientific community to come to the aid of our forensic colleagues by advocating for urgently needed research, testing, and financial support.
Journal Article
Face recognition accuracy of forensic examiners, superrecognizers, and face recognition algorithms
Achieving the upper limits of face identification accuracy in forensic applications can minimize errors that have profound social and personal consequences. Although forensic examiners identify faces in these applications, systematic tests of their accuracy are rare. How can we achieve the most accurate face identification: using people and/or machines working alone or in collaboration? In a comprehensive comparison of face identification by humans and computers, we found that forensic facial examiners, facial reviewers, and superrecognizers were more accurate than fingerprint examiners and students on a challenging face identification test. Individual performance on the test varied widely. On the same test, four deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), developed between 2015 and 2017, identified faces within the range of human accuracy. Accuracy of the algorithms increased steadily over time, with the most recent DCNN scoring above the median of the forensic facial examiners. Using crowd-sourcing methods, we fused the judgments of multiple forensic facial examiners by averaging their rating-based identity judgments. Accuracy was substantially better for fused judgments than for individuals working alone. Fusion also served to stabilize performance, boosting the scores of lower-performing individuals and decreasing variability. Single forensic facial examiners fused with the best algorithm were more accurate than the combination of two examiners. Therefore, collaboration among humans and between humans and machines offers tangible benefits to face identification accuracy in important applications. These results offer an evidence-based roadmap for achieving the most accurate face identification possible.
Journal Article
The global practice of forensic science
\"The Global Practice of Forensic Science presents histories, issues, patterns, and diversity in the applications of international forensic science. Written by 64 experienced and internationally recognized forensic scientists, the volume documents the practice of forensic science in 28 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe. Each country's chapter explores factors of political history, academic linkages, the influence of individual cases, facility development, types of cases examined, integration within forensic science, recruitment, training, funding, certification, accreditation, quality control, technology, disaster preparedness, legal issues, research and future directions. Aimed at all scholars interested in international forensic science, the volume provides detail on the diverse fields within forensic science and their applications around the world\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The admissibility of digital evidence from open-source forensic tools: Development of a framework for legal acceptance
The proliferation of cybercriminal activities from 2023 to 2025 has highlighted the critical role of digital forensics in legal proceedings; however, resource constraints often limit access to effective investigative capabilities. Despite the technical adequacy of open-source digital forensic tools, courts typically favor commercially validated solutions because of the absence of standardized validation frameworks for open-source alternatives, creating unnecessary financial barriers to high-quality forensic investigations. This study aims to validate and enhance the conceptual open-source digital forensic framework developed by Ismail et al. (2024) to ensure the legal admissibility of evidence acquired through open-source tools. Through a rigorous experimental methodology utilizing controlled testing environments, we conducted comparative analyses between commercial tools (FTK and Forensic MagiCube) and open-source alternatives (Autopsy and ProDiscover Basic) across three distinct test scenarios: preservation and collection of original data, recovery of deleted files through data carving, and targeted artifact searching. Each experiment was performed in triplicate to establish repeatability metrics, with error rates calculated by comparing the acquired artifacts with control references. Our findings demonstrate that properly validated open-source tools consistently produce reliable and repeatable results with verifiable integrity comparable to their commercial counterparts. The enhanced three-phase framework integrating basic forensic processes, result validation, and digital forensic readiness to satisfy Daubert Standard requirements while providing practitioners with a methodologically sound approach. This study contributes significantly to digital forensics by democratizing access to forensically sound investigative capabilities without compromising legal admissibility requirements, ultimately benefiting resource-constrained organizations while maintaining the evidentiary standards necessary for judicial acceptance.
Journal Article
Geoscientists at crime scenes : a companion to forensic geoscience
After the publication of the first Italian book on Forensic Geoscience: \"Geologia Forense\" (Di Maggio, Barone, et al. 2013, Flaccovio Ed.), the international demand to have an international version (in English language) about the new applications of this topic carried out in Italy and the possibility to apply them in international contexts encouraged us to create a new English book based on this. If forensic science is the application of technical and scientific methodologies applied to traditional categories of judicial investigations, in connection with the investigation of a crime or a social behavior, within them a special role is held by forensic geoscience, or the application of different disciplines of Earth Sciences in judicial contexts. Forensic geoscience encompasses some branches of the earth sciences such as geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, geophysics, remote sensing, soil science and archaeology, whose applications may provide a suitable or appropriate environmental interpretation of the surroundings, in the context of numerous types of offences, both criminal and civil. The environmental context can become part of the crime narrative in diverse situations: it can be the place where to hide a body or precious objects, or it may be a witness to a crime. Given the nature of many crime narratives carried out in outdoor areas, the environment, as it is not a closed system, plays a dual role, passive and active. Passive in the sense that it may be the principal repository of clues and evidence that both the victim and/or offender may have been present in a given location. Active since it can be the protagonist of the crime narrative, where, for example, it may have been abused in the design and construction phases of landfill or architectural structures, but also when it leaves proof marks on clothing and objects, such as the soil found on footwear. -- from back cover.
BOOK
The future of forensic DNA analysis
The author's thoughts and opinions on where the field of forensic DNA testing is headed for the next decade are provided in the context of where the field has come over the past 30 years. Similar to the Olympic motto of ‘faster, higher, stronger’, forensic DNA protocols can be expected to become more rapid and sensitive and provide stronger investigative potential. New short tandem repeat (STR) loci have expanded the core set of genetic markers used for human identification in Europe and the USA. Rapid DNA testing is on the verge of enabling new applications. Next-generation sequencing has the potential to provide greater depth of coverage for information on STR alleles. Familial DNA searching has expanded capabilities of DNA databases in parts of the world where it is allowed. Challenges and opportunities that will impact the future of forensic DNA are explored including the need for education and training to improve interpretation of complex DNA profiles.
Journal Article