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Excerpt from Routledge Companion to Transnational American Studies , edited by Nina Morgan, Alfred Hornung, and Takayuki Tatsumi

El objetivo de este estudio fue la construcción y validación de la Escala de Disposición para Perdonar, incorporando las diferentes dimensiones y orientaciones de respuesta que integran el perdón. El primer estudio (209 participantes) describió el proceso de generación de los ítems y realizó un análisis exploratorio que arrojó una estructura de dos factores: “perdón a uno mismo y a las situaciones” y “perdón al otro”. El segundo estudio (245 participantes) analizó la validez de constructo a través de un análisis confirmatorio de los factores, de la consistencia interna y de las correlaciones con otras escalas utilizadas para evaluar la validez convergente. El resultado fue una escala compuesta por 13 ítems, con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. La Escala de Disposición para Perdonar mostró una asociación positiva con otros instrumentos que miden perdón, autoestima y satisfación personal, y evidenció su capacidad para medir el perdón disposicional en población española. La aplicación de la escala facilitará el ajuste de la intervención terapéutica para que la disposición a perdonar deje de ser un factor de vulnerabilidad para la persona dañada.

Exploring a psychological phenomenon requires the availability of an instrument that provides an objective measure. Forgiveness is a measurable construct requiring a systematic and empirical analysis involving a theory and an instrument. While construct measurements are ubiquitous, a culturally designed measure of forgiveness using the Filipino language may account for reaching a wider reach and therefore exploration of the construct. This study aims to develop a forgiveness instrument showing various dimensions of forgiveness including the forgiveness-seeking and forgiveness-granting tendencies among Filipinos. The study involved 410 college students between 18 and 23 years old. Items were generated and tested for both dimensions with intrapersonal and interpersonal motivations as sub-scales. Factor analysis defined the sub-scales and some items were removed due to weak factor loading. The Filipino Seeking and Granting Forgiveness Inventory (Fil-SAGFI) was internally consistent,. and the components and their respective subscales significantly correlated with existing forgiveness scales. This study offers a culturally sensitive measure to assess various dimensions of forgiveness.

The paper presents the concept of emotional and decisional forgiveness proposed by Worthington et al. (Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 291–302, 2007) and employing the Polish versions of the Decision to Forgive Scale and Emotional Forgiveness Scale developed in line with this theory. Both scales are tools measuring episodic forgiveness is forgiveness for a specific transgression that is made once. Decisional forgiveness is a declaration to forgive, whereas emotional forgiveness is a “change of heart”. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the structure of the Polish scales is exactly the same as of the original tools, i.e., in case of the DTFS, a one-factor solution (CFI = .998, GFI = .990, RMSEA = .042), and in case of the EFS, a two-factor solution (CFI = .987; GFI = .984; RMSEA = .051). The Polish versions of the DTFS and EFS were significantly correlated with other tools of forgiveness (TRIM-18 – episodic forgiveness and HFS– dispositional forgiveness).

We investigated the spillover effect of state forgiveness from one instance of injustice on forgiving offenders in another instance. The sample comprised 210 undergraduates at a university in China, who completed an experiment concerning justice in evaluation for awarding scholarships. We assessed the mediating effect of both positive and negative emotions and the moderating effect of state forgiveness induced in advance on the relationship between justice perception and retaliatory tendencies. The results indicated that negative, rather than positive, emotions mediated the impact of justice perception on the propensity for retaliation. Although preemptive state forgiveness did not directly influence emotional responses to injustice, it significantly mitigated the impact of negative emotions on retaliatory tendencies. These findings underscore the efficacy of state forgiveness, when manipulated by being induced in advance, as an intervention for alleviating retaliatory responses to subsequent injustices, particularly in scenarios where offenders are unlikely to apologize.

Purpose The formation of spiritual well‐being is essential for individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating roles of rumination and forgiveness in the link between adverse childhood experiences and spiritual well‐being in both independent and sequential paths. Method The sample of this study consisted of 1138 university students (71.4% females; M  =  22.06, SD  =  2.43). The results showed that adverse childhood experiences were negatively associated with spiritual well‐being. Rumination mediated the link between adverse childhood experiences and spiritual well‐being. Self‐forgiveness and forgiveness of others acted as mediators in this relationship. Rumination—self‐forgiveness and rumination—forgiveness of others sequentially mediated the relationship. Finding These results highlight that adversities experienced during childhood are associated with higher levels of rumination, and these repetitive thoughts inhibit forgiveness, leading to reduced spiritual well‐being. Conclusion This study suggests that minimizing rumination and promoting forgiveness may be useful strategies to enhance spiritual well‐being for university students who have experienced adverse life events. This model illustrates the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and spiritual well‐being among Turkish university students, highlighting the mediating roles of rumination, self‐forgiveness, and forgiveness of others. ACEs were directly associated with lower spiritual well‐being. Rumination mediated this relationship independently, and in sequential pathways through reduced self‐forgiveness and forgiveness of others. These findings suggest that interventions targeting rumination and promoting forgiveness may buffer the negative impact of ACEs on spiritual well‐being.

Gratitude is thought to be positively related to relationship satisfaction, but the underlying mechanism of this association remains underexplored. To further investigate this mechanism, the present study examined the roles of decisional forgiveness and emotional forgiveness under the guidance of the stress and coping perspective. Chinese college students were invited to answer online questionnaires. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data collected from a sample of 103 participants in dating relationships. The findings showed that gratitude was associated with relationship satisfaction through two indirect pathways: one through emotional forgiveness and the other through decisional forgiveness and emotional forgiveness in sequence, with decisional forgiveness affecting emotional forgiveness. These results suggest that gratitude, decisional forgiveness, and emotional forgiveness between partners could be potential points of intervention for the treatment of emotional injuries and points of focus for educational programs aiming to enhance relationship satisfaction.

Purpose Workplace bullying is a common negative event suffered by employees in the workplace. The harm it brings to the organization has become the focus of the field of organizational behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore whether workplace bullying has an impact on employee knowledge hiding and to discover the underlying mechanism between the two. Design/methodology/approach Based on the conservation of resource theory and the cognitive-affective personality system theory, this paper surveys 327R&D employees of Chinese technological corporations at two time points and explores the relationship between workplace bullying and knowledge hiding as well as the underlying mechanism. This study used confirmatory factor analysis, bootstrapping method and structural equation model to validate the research hypothesis. Findings The results show that workplace bullying positively correlates with knowledge hiding; emotional exhaustion and organizational identification play a mediation role between workplace bullying and knowledge hiding, and both variables play a chain mediation role in that relationship; and forgiveness climate moderates the positive impact of workplace bullying on emotional exhaustion, further moderating the chain mediation role of emotional exhaustion and organizational identification. Originality/value The findings of this study can not only complement the existing researches on the influence of negative workplace events on employees’ knowledge hiding behaviors but also strengthen scholars’ attention and understanding of the internal mechanism between workplace bullying and knowledge hiding.