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The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming
Even as the evidence of global warming mounts, the international response to this serious threat is coming unraveled. The United States has formally withdrawn from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; other key nations are facing difficulty in meeting their Kyoto commitments; and developing countries face no limit on their emissions of the gases that cause global warming. In this clear and cogent book-reissued in paperback with an afterword that comments on recent events--David Victor explains why the Kyoto Protocol was never likely to become an effective legal instrument. He explores how its collapse offers opportunities to establish a more realistic alternative. Global warming continues to dominate environmental news as legislatures worldwide grapple with the process of ratification of the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The collapse of the November 2000 conference at the Hague showed clearly how difficult it will be to bring the Kyoto treaty into force. Yet most politicians, policymakers, and analysts hailed it as a vital first step in slowing greenhouse warming. David Victor was not among them. Kyoto's fatal flaw, Victor argues, is that it can work only if emissions trading works. The Protocol requires industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases to specific targets. Crucially, the Protocol also provides for so-called \"emissions trading,\" whereby nations could offset the need for rapid cuts in their own emissions by buying emissions credits from other countries. But starting this trading system would require creating emission permits worth two trillion dollars--the largest single invention of assets by voluntary international treaty in world history. Even if it were politically possible to distribute such astronomical sums, the Protocol does not provide for adequate monitoring and enforcement of these new property rights. Nor does it offer an achievable plan for allocating new permits, which would be essential if the system were expanded to include developing countries. The collapse of the Kyoto Protocol--which Victor views as inevitable--will provide the political space to rethink strategy. Better alternatives would focus on policies that control emissions, such as emission taxes. Though economically sensible, however, a pure tax approach is impossible to monitor in practice. Thus, the author proposes a hybrid in which governments set targets for both emission quantities and tax levels. This offers the important advantages of both emission trading and taxes without the debilitating drawbacks of each. Individuals at all levels of environmental science, economics, public policy, and politics-from students to professionals--and anyone else hoping to participate in the debate over how to slow global warming will want to read this book.
eBook
A framework of frameworks: theoretical, conceptual, contextual, methodological and impact frameworks
Purpose Confusion and conflation about the components of research continue to hinder how scholars position, design, and communicate their research. In response, this article aims to clarify the components of research and how they can be effectively illustrated and written through the lens of frameworks. Design/methodology/approach This article adopts a conceptual approach to achieve its purpose by integrating allied literature and drawing on established theory-building heuristics to articulate a five-part research framework, with each part accompanied by a set of criteria (what it is, what it is not, what to do, and what to evaluate). Findings This article introduces the notion of research framework as a framework of frameworks comprising theoretical, conceptual, contextual, methodological, and impact frameworks. The article clarifies the distinct role of each component, sets out criteria for what each framework is and is not and what it should do and be evaluated on, and shows how alignment across the five parts connects explanation, scope, design, and stakeholder-relevant outcomes into a coherent whole. An exemplar on brand switching and brand loyalty in consumer goods traded across markets illustrates how this integrated framework can organize research questions, justify design choices, and foreground scholarly, managerial, and societal implications. Originality/value The notion of research framework introduced herein this article is an original conceptualization that should help both emerging and established researchers better position their research. More specifically, the article advances a framework of frameworks that differentiates and links theoretical, conceptual, contextual, methodological, and impact frameworks and, in doing so, addresses common confusion and conflation among them. The resulting criteria and visual tools enable authors, reviewers, and trainers to design, evaluate, and teach research in a more coherent and consistent way across business and trade domains.
Journal Article
Polymer/Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
The utilization of polymer/metal organic framework (MOF) nanocomposites in various biomedical applications has been widely studied due to their unique properties that arise from MOFs or hybrid composite systems. This review focuses on the types of polymer/MOF nanocomposites used in drug delivery and imaging applications. Initially, a comprehensive introduction to the synthesis and structure of MOFs and bio-MOFs is presented. Subsequently, the properties and the performance of polymer/MOF nanocomposites used in these applications are examined, in relation to the approach applied for their synthesis: (i) non-covalent attachment, (ii) covalent attachment, (iii) polymer coordination to metal ions, (iv) MOF encapsulation in polymers, and (v) other strategies. A critical comparison and discussion of the effectiveness of polymer/MOF nanocomposites regarding their synthesis methods and their structural characteristics is presented.
Journal Article
Building web applications with Visual Studio 2017 : using .NET Core and modern JavaScript frameworks
\"Learn how to build web applications from three Microsoft MVPs. You will be able to compare and contrast several frameworks and select the best one for your needs. With the release of .NET Core and Visual Studio 2017, you can deploy applications to multiple operating systems. And with the rising popularity of JavaScript UI frameworks, you can choose whether to stay with ASP.NET Core MVC or use a JavaScript framework. Building Web Applications with Visual Studio 2017 shows you how to build a site in Core MVC, and the three most popular JavaScript frameworks: Angular 2, React, and Aurelia. What You Will Learn: * Build a data access layer with Entity Framework Core * Build a RESTful service with ASP.NET Core MVC * Build a website with ASP.NET Core MVC and Bootstrap * Build the same website in Angular 2, React, and Aurelia. Who This Book Is For: Intermediate to advanced .NET developers.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Metal/covalent‐organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage applications
Many renewable energy technologies, especially batteries and supercapacitors, require effective electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. For such applications, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) have been recently emerged as promising candidates. Their high surface area, organized channel, and multiple functions make them highly versatile and flexible as electrodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems. In addition, many MOFs/COFs‐derived materials tend to possess high conductivity and diverse nanoarchitecture, and can also serve as high‐performance electrodes. In this review, we summarize the extensive potentials of both frameworks and their derivatives in a range of devices, including lithium/sodium ion, lithium‐sulfur, lithium‐oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors. In addition, we discuss the remaining challenges in this area and propose potential solutions for them as well as outline a few possible directions for further development for EES applications. Metal/covalent organic frameworks (MOFs/COFs) have received wide attention for electrochemical energy storage (EES) due to their unique structural characteristics. Herein, we summarize the applications of MOFs/COFs and their derivatives in EES, including lithium/sodium ion, lithium‐sulfur, lithium‐oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors. Moreover, the development perspective of MOFs/COFs in EES is also outlined.
Journal Article
.NET Core in action
.NET Core is a subset of the .NET framework with libraries and runtimes that drastically reduce its footprint, so you can write and run .NET applications more efficiently. .NET Core in Action shows .NET developers how to build professional software applications with .NET Core. By the end of this book, readers will be able to convert existing .NET code to work on multiple platforms or start new projects with knowledge of the tools and capabilities of .NET Core.
Book
Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later
This paper explores the 20-year evolution of the social-ecological systems framework (SESs). Although a first definition of SES dates back to 1988, Berkes and Folke more thoroughly used the concept in 1998 to analyze resilience in local resource management systems. Since then studies of interlinked human and natural systems have emerged as a field on its own right, promoting interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration in a wide set of fields and practices. As the SES concept celebrates its 20-year existence we decided to make an overview of how authors use the concept in relation to research that deals with social and ecological linkages. Hence, we conducted a review of the SES concept using the Scopus database, analyzing a random set of journal articles on social-ecological systems (n = 50) regarding definitions of SES, authors’ main sources of inspiration in using the concept, as well as document type, subject area, and other relevant information. Although there is a steady increase of SES publications, we found that 61% of the papers analyzed did not even provide a definition of the term social-ecological system(s), a shortcoming that makes case comparisons difficult and reduces the usefulness of the concept. We also found three common SES frameworks that authors seem to be most commonly inspired by, referred to here as the original, the robustness, and multitier frameworks, respectively. The first can be characterized as a descriptive framework, the latter two more as diagnostic frameworks, useful for modeling. Although it would be a bit presumptuous of us to come up with a more thorough definition of the SES concept in this paper, we urge SES scholars to be more meticulous in making explicit what they mean by a social-ecological system when conducting SES research.
Journal Article