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PEM Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB
Although, the basic concept of a fuel cell is quite simple, creating new designs and optimizing their performance takes serious work and a mastery of several technical areas. PEM Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Using Matlab, provides design engineers and researchers with a valuable tool for understanding and overcoming barriers to designing and building the next generation of PEM Fuel Cells. With this book, engineers can test components and verify designs in the development phase, saving both time and money. Easy to read and understand, this book provides design and modelling tips for fuel cell components such as: modelling proton exchange structure, catalyst layers, gas diffusion, fuel distribution structures, fuel cell stacks and fuel cell plant. This book includes design advice and MATLAB and FEMLAB codes for Fuel Cell types such as: polymer electrolyte, direct methanol and solid oxide fuel cells. This book also includes types for one, two and three dimensional modeling and two-phase flow phenomena and microfluidics.
eBook
Techno-economic and resource analysis of hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel
Background:Biomass‑derived jet fuel is an alternative jet fuel (AJF) showing promise of reducing the dependence on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) concept is also known as one of the pathways for producing bio jet fuel. HEFA fuel was approved by the American Society for Testing and Materials in 2011, and can be blended up to 50% with conventional jet fuel. Since then, several HEFA economic and life‑cycle assessments have been published in literature. However, there have been limited analyses on feedstock availability,composition, and their impact on hydrocarbon yield (particularly jet blendstock yield) and overall process economics.Results:This study examines over 20 oil feedstocks, their geographic distribution and production levels, oil yield, prices, and chemical composition. The results of our compositional analysis indicate that most oils contain mainly C16 and C18 fatty acids except pennycress, yellow grease, and mustard, which contain higher values and thus would require hydrocracking to improve jet fuel production. Coconut oil has a large content of shorter carbon fatty acids, making it a good feedstock candidate for renewable gasoline instead of jet substitutes’ production. Techno‑economic analysis (TEA) was performed for five selected oil feedstocks—camelina, pennycress, jatropha, castor bean, and yellow grease—using the HEFA process concept.Conclusion:The resource analysis indicates that oil crops currently grown in the United States (namely soybean) have relatively low oil yield when compared to oil crops grown in other parts of the world, such as palm, coconut, and jatropha. Also, non‑terrestrial oil sources, such as animal fats and greases, have relatively lower prices than terrestrial oil crops. The minimum jet fuel selling price for these five resources ranges between $3.8 and $11.0 per gallon. The results of our TEA and resource studies indicate the key cost drivers for a biorefinery converting oil to jet hydrocarbons are as follows: oil price, conversion plant capacity, fatty acid profile, addition of hydrocracker, and type of hydroprocessing catalysts.
Journal Article
Turning poop into power fuel
\"Imagine stopping at a gas station, and filling your car with...poop. Fuel made from poop may sound like science fiction, but it's already science fact. This engrossingly gross book explores the powerful possibilities. We'll discover how scientists are learning to make renewable fuels from something that most people are happy to get rid of. Unlike fossil fuels, poop is cheap, it's plentiful, and it's everywhere we are. Whether it's to the store, or all the way to Mars, poop is going places\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Quality and Reliability Aspects in Nuclear Power Reactor Fuel Engineering
Improved fuel reliability means reduced fuel failures in reactor operation. Fuel failures, with their consequent adverse impact on the environment and requirements for additional waste management, result in costs for remediation, 'failed core' operation and maintenance. Therefore, poor performance of fuel can lead to uncompetitive operational conditions for a nuclear power plant. A revision of the earlier edition, this publication has been significantly extended to support nuclear fuel designers, manufacturers, reactor operators, and fuel engineers and managers on fuel design and design changes, fuel manufacturing, qualification, in-reactor operation, and on-site services to achieve excellence in fuel reliability and performance and safe operation of nuclear fuel under all applicable plant states.
eBook
An Overview of Major Synthetic Fuels
Artificial fuels have been researched for more than a decade now in an attempt to find alternative sources of energy. With global climatic conditions rapidly approaching the end of their safe line, an emphasis on escalating the change has been seen in recent times. Synthetic fuels are a diverse group of compounds that can be used as replacements for traditional fuels, such as gasoline and diesel. This paper provides a comprehensive review of synthetic fuels, with a focus on their classification and production processes. The article begins with an in-depth introduction, followed by virtually classifying the major synthetic fuels that are currently produced on an industrial scale. The article further discusses their feedstocks and production processes, along with detailed equations and diagrams to help readers understand the basic science behind synthetic fuels. The environmental impact of these fuels is also explored, along with their respective key players in the industry. By highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of synthetic fuels, this study also aims to facilitate an informed discussion about the future of energy and the role that synthetic fuels may play in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.
Journal Article
A Recent Comprehensive Review of Fuel Cells: History, Types, and Applications
This review discusses the history, fundamentals, and applications of different fuel cell technologies, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), direct methanol fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). Recent advances in fuel cell technologies have led to potential applications in aerospace, transportation, and portable and stationary power generation due to high efficiency and low emissions. Fuel cell types are also compared based on efficiency, operating temperature, lifetime, energy/power density, and cost. It was noticed that PEMFCs have the highest mass power density, reaching 1,000 W/kg compared to less than 100 W/kg for SOFCs, which makes them suitable for portable applications such as aircraft. PEMFCs and AFCs are suitable for low‐temperature applications and are highly efficient. SOFCs and MCFCs are better for high‐temperature operations. SOFCs are robust and suitable for high‐power demands, while MCFCs are advantageous for high‐power output. Hydrogen fuel cells promise to decarbonize transportation and aviation sectors with the advantages of lower weight, compactness, and quick startup times. However, challenges remain around renewable hydrogen production/infrastructure and aircraft integration, besides hydrogen storage, water management inside fuel cells, and operational robustness under varying pressures. Generally, for all fuel cell types, more focus should be given to enhancing the stability and efficiency of fuel cell materials and reducing their cost.
Journal Article