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Comparison of Relatively Unipotent Log de Rham Fundamental Groups
In this paper, we prove compatibilities of various definitions of relatively unipotent log de Rham fundamental groups for certain
proper log smooth integral morphisms of fine log schemes of characteristic zero. Our proofs are purely algebraic. As an application, we
give a purely algebraic calculation of the monodromy action on the unipotent log de Rham fundamental group of a stable log curve. As a
corollary we give a purely algebraic proof to the transcendental part of Andreatta–Iovita–Kim’s article: obtaining in this way a
complete algebraic criterion for good reduction for curves.
eBook
Cyprus at the European Court of Human Rights : a critical appraisal of the court's jurisprudence on the rights to property and home in the context of displacement
\"The authors grapple with questions raised by the Court's reversal in its approach to the violations of the rights to home and property of Cypriot displaced persons resulting from the Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus. In the 4th interstate application of Cyprus v. Turkey, the Court found Turkey in violation of the rights to home and property of hundreds of thousands of Greek Cypriot internally displaced persons resulting from the invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus. Such findings were also firmly established in a handful of individual applications, most prominent amongst which is the landmark case Loizidou v. Turkey. However, a couple of decades following these judgments the findings of violations were jettisoned by the inadmissibility decision in Demopoulos and others v. Turkey\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Regulatory T-cell suppressor program co-opts transcription factor IRF4 to control TH2 responses
T helper cells: IRF4 in control
The X-chromosome-encoded transcription factor Foxp3 is thought to play a key role in the immune response as a regulator of the differentiation and suppressor function of regulatory T cells (T
reg
cells). Zheng
et al
. show here that regulatory T cells express the transcription factor IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor-4), which is essential for the differentiation of T
H
2 effector cells, and that IRF4 expression is dependent on Foxp3. IRF4 depletion in T
reg
cells induces T
H
2-driven autoimmune disease, leading the authors to suggest that IRF4 directs a module within T
reg
cells which selectively suppressesT
H
2 responses.
This paper shows that regulatory T (T
reg
) cells express the transcription factor IRF4, which is essential for the differentiation of T
H
2 effector cells. IRF4 depletion in T
reg
cells induces T
H
2-driven autoimmune disease, leading the authors to suggest that IRF4 directs a module within T
reg
cells that selectively suppresses T
H
2 responses.
In the course of infection or autoimmunity, particular transcription factors orchestrate the differentiation of T
H
1, T
H
2 or T
H
17 effector cells, the responses of which are limited by a distinct lineage of suppressive regulatory T cells (T
reg
). T
reg
cell differentiation and function are guided by the transcription factor Foxp3, and their deficiency due to mutations in Foxp3 results in aggressive fatal autoimmune disease associated with sharply augmented T
H
1 and T
H
2 cytokine production
1
,
2
,
3
. Recent studies suggested that Foxp3 regulates the bulk of the Foxp3-dependent transcriptional program indirectly through a set of transcriptional regulators serving as direct Foxp3 targets
4
,
5
. Here we show that in mouse T
reg
cells, high amounts of interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4), a transcription factor essential for T
H
2 effector cell differentiation, is dependent on Foxp3 expression. We proposed that IRF4 expression endows T
reg
cells with the ability to suppress T
H
2 responses. Indeed, ablation of a conditional
Irf4
allele in T
reg
cells resulted in selective dysregulation of T
H
2 responses, IL4-dependent immunoglobulin isotype production, and tissue lesions with pronounced plasma cell infiltration, in contrast to the mononuclear-cell-dominated pathology typical of mice lacking T
reg
cells. Our results indicate that T
reg
cells use components of the transcriptional machinery, promoting a particular type of effector CD4
+
T cell differentiation, to efficiently restrain the corresponding type of the immune response.
Journal Article
Choosing Prediction Over Explanation in Psychology
Psychology has historically been concerned, first and foremost, with explaining the causal mechanisms that give rise to behavior. Randomized, tightly controlled experiments are enshrined as the gold standard of psychological research, and there are endless investigations of the various mediating and moderating variables that govern various behaviors. We argue that psychology’s near-total focus on explaining the causes of behavior has led much of the field to be populated by research programs that provide intricate theories of psychological mechanism but that have little (or unknown) ability to predict future behaviors with any appreciable accuracy. We propose that principles and techniques from the field of machine learning can help psychology become a more predictive science. We review some of the fundamental concepts and tools of machine learning and point out examples where these concepts have been used to conduct interesting and important psychological research that focuses on predictive research questions. We suggest that an increased focus on prediction, rather than explanation, can ultimately lead us to greater understanding of behavior.
Journal Article
Induction and effector functions of TH17 cells
T helper 17 cells: Induction and effector functions
The recently discovered T
H
17 cells, the third subset of effector T helper cells, are the subject of intensive research. They produce the cytokine interleukin-17, coordinate defence against specific pathogens and mediate tissue inflammation. Bettelli
et al
. review this fast-moving field, focusing on the emergence of the balance between pro-inflammatory TH17 cells and inhibitory T
reg
cells as key factor in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
T helper (T
H
) cells constitute an important arm of the adaptive immune system because they coordinate defence against specific pathogens, and their unique cytokines and effector functions mediate different types of tissue inflammation. The recently discovered T
H
17 cells, the third subset of effector T helper cells, have been the subject of intense research aimed at understanding their role in immunity and disease. Here we review emerging data suggesting that T
H
17 cells have an important role in host defence against specific pathogens and are potent inducers of autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. In addition, the differentiation factors responsible for their generation have revealed an interesting reciprocal relationship with regulatory T (T
reg
) cells, which prevent tissue inflammation and mediate self-tolerance.
Journal Article
Specialization for the pro-étale fundamental group
For a formal scheme $\\mathfrak {X}$ of finite type over a complete rank-one valuation ring, we construct a specialization morphism
\\[ \\pi^{\\mathrm{dJ}}_1(\\mathfrak{X}_\\eta) \\to \\pi^{{\\textrm{pro}}\\unicode{x00E9}{\\textrm{t}}}_1(\\mathfrak{X}_k) \\]
from the de Jong fundamental group of the rigid generic fiber to the Bhatt–Scholze pro-étale fundamental group of the special fiber. The construction relies on an interplay between admissible blowups of $\\mathfrak {X}$ and normalizations of the irreducible components of $\\mathfrak {X}_k$, and employs the Berthelot tubes of these irreducible components in an essential way. Using related techniques, we show that under certain smoothness and semistability assumptions, covering spaces in the sense of de Jong of a smooth rigid space which are tame satisfy étale descent.
Journal Article