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The study involved variations in the percentage of alum and tunjung added as mordants, with percentages of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% used during the processing of wastewater from gambier. To evaluate the physical properties of tanned leather, the researchers followed the SNI 06-0463-1989-A. The findings indicated that using alum (aluminium sulfate) and tunjung (ferrous sulfate) as mordants affected the physical properties of tanned leather. Alum yielded better physical properties compared to tunjung, as evidenced by the higher tensile strength and flexural strength/elongation in the tanned leather treated with alum. The physical properties of tanned leather were found to be significantly influenced by the percentage of alum used, with higher percentages resulting in increased tensile strength and decreased flexural strength. The most effective treatment involved adding 2% alum, which suggests that combining gambier processing wastewater with alum can be a viable method for tanning leather. These findings demonstrate the potential for using alternative chemicals in leather tanning, which may offer benefits in terms of cost and environmental impact.

Background: The chewing-betel habit is a hereditary tradition from the ancestors of the Batak- Karo tribe, in Indonesia. Karo people believe that chewing-betel habit is their unifier. The chewing-betel habit process begins with concocting a mixture of ingredients such as betel leaf, lime, gambier, areca nut, and with or without tobacco addition, then chewed slowly. Our previous study showed that gambier extracts ( Uncaria gambier Roxb), can reduce blood glucose levels (BGL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study aimed to analyze whether the habit of chewing betel can affect BGL in the Karo ethnic community in the Karo district. Methods: In total, 48 participants from the Karo community were divided into 4 groups (n=12 per group), namely: I. non-T2DM participants without chewing-betel habits; II. non-T2DM participants with chewing-betel habit; III. T2DM participants without chewing-betel habit and IV. T2DM participants with chewing-betel habit. The sampling technique was consecutive sampling. The data were collected by interviews and blood sampling (fasting and 2 hours postprandial (2hPP)). The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test, Independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney with a significance level of p-value <0.05. Results: This study showed that fasting BGL condition in group-I compared to group II (84.33±12.32 vs 81.00±4.84) mg/dl and group-III compared to group-IV (196.25±104.81 vs 150.00±42.45) mg/dl had no significant difference. Also, the BGL of 2hPP condition in group-I compared to group-II (111.25 ±22.62 vs 108.33±18.99) mg/dl, and group-III compared to group-IV (314.92±128.97 vs 229.25±58.26) mg/dl, in statistically there was no difference (p>0.05). Although the data showed that group-III was higher than group-IV. Conclusions: This study concludes that with or without chewing-betel habits affect blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes subjects (Groups III and IV).

Tanning materials in leather production usually use materials that are not environmentally friendly such as chrome. To implement clean production in the leather tanning process, the use of vegetable tanning is starting to be widely studied, one of which is gambier. This research aims to evaluate the influence of various levels of ingredients tanner vegetable (gambier) on the chemical properties of eco-print-tanned sheep leather. The treatment consists of five variations of tanner ingredients (vegetable tanning, gambier) 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The variables measured include fat content, ash content, water content, and tannin content. From the results, the level of gambier as vegetable tanning had a significant effect on fat content instead of ash content and water content. The highest fat content was found in the 30% tanning treatment (18.93 ± 0.7%) while the ash content and water content did not show significant differences between treatments, with average values of 1.82-1.94% and 15.33-18.00%. This research concluded that the utilisation of gambier as a vegetable tanner at various levels affects the fat content of sheep leather, but had no significant effect on the ash content and water content.

Banana ripeness is generally determined based on physical attributes, such as skin color; however, it is considered subjective because it depends on individual factors and lighting conditions. In addition, improper handling can cause mechanical damage to the fruit. Intelligent packaging in the form of indicator film incorporated with anthocyanins from red dragon fruit peel has been applied for shrimp freshness detection; however, this film has low color stability during storage, necessitating the addition of gambier catechins as a co-pigment to increase anthocyanin stability. Nevertheless, the characteristics of films that contain gambier catechins and their applications to bananas have not been studied yet; therefore, this study aims to develop and characterize indicator films that were incorporated with red dragon fruit peel anthocyanins and gambier catechins to detect banana ripeness. In this study, the indicator films were made via solvent casting. The films were characterized for their structural, mechanical, and physicochemical properties, and then applied to banana packaging. The results show that the film incorporated with anthocyanins and catechins in a ratio of 1:40 (w/w) resulted in better color stability, mechanical properties, light and water vapor barrier ability, and antioxidant activity. The application of the indicator films to banana packaging resulted in a change in color on the third day of storage. It can be concluded that these films could potentially be used as an indicator to monitor banana ripeness.

Gambir is a type of plantation plant that has many benefits. Gambir extract can be used for the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and leather tanning industries. However, the availability of gambier has decreased in production. Hence, information and technology for propagating Gambir seeds in vitro is needed. The growth of plant explants can be impacted by the application of growth regulators and explant sources in-vitro. This study’s purpose was to ascertain the connection between BAP concentration and explant sources concerning the development of gambier shoots. In addition, it is also to obtain of BAP and the best source of explants for the induction of the gambier shoots. In this study, a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments that were each repeated five times was used. There are two levels of explant source and three levels of BAP concentration, the first of which is the concentration of BAP (2 mg/l, 4 mg/l, and 6 mg/l) (the first node and the third node from the shoot). The findings demonstrated that, in general, 100% of shoots could form when BAP and explant sources were concentrated. The concentration of BAP and the origin of the explants significantly influenced the emergence time of the shoots, with the quickest time of budding occurring after 3.8 days at a concentration of 2 mg/l BAP at the third node. 6 mg/l BAP was the optimal treatment for increasing the number of gambier leaves and shoots.

Ciguatera poisoning (CP) cases linked to the consumption of deep-water fish occurred in 2003 in the Gambier Islands (French Polynesia). In 2004, on the request of two local fishermen, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was examined in part of their fish catches, i.e., 22 specimens representing five deep-water fish species. Using the radioactive receptor binding assay (rRBA) and mouse bioassay (MBA), significant CTX levels were detected in seven deep-water specimens in Lutjanidae, Serranidae, and Bramidae families. Following additional purification steps on the remaining liposoluble fractions for 13 of these samples (kept at −20 °C), these latter were reanalyzed in 2018 with improved protocols of the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Using the CBA-N2a, the highest CTX-like content found in a specimen of Eumegistus illustris (Bramidae) was 2.94 ± 0.27 µg CTX1B eq. kg−1. Its toxin profile consisted of 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B, as assessed by LC–MS/MS. This is the first study demonstrating that deep-water fish are potential ciguatera vectors and highlighting the importance of a systematic monitoring of CTXs in all exploited fish species, especially in ciguatera hotspots, including deep-water fish, which constitute a significant portion of the commercial deep-sea fisheries in many Asian–Pacific countries.

In this paper, we describe the global dynamics of the Painlevé–Gambier equations numbered XVIII: x″−(x′)2/(2x)−4x2=0, XXI: x″−3(x′)2/(4x)−3x2, and XXII: x″−3(x′)2/(4x)+1=0. We obtain three rational functions as their first integrals and classify their phase portraits in the Poincaré disc. The main reason for considering these three Painlevé–Gambier equations is due to the paper of Guha, P., et al., where the authors studied these three differential equations in order to illustrate a method to generate nonlocal constants of motion for a special class of nonlinear differential equations. Here, we want to complete their studies describing all of the dynamics of these equations. This demonstrates that the phase portraits of equations XVIII and XXI in the Poincaré disc are topologically equivalent.

Background: Proteinuria is a significant clinical manifestation that causes edema in several diseases, including Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). Untreated proteinuria is strongly linked to the progression of kidney failure. One of the adjuvant therapies could be used to reduce proteinuria such as Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) including Losartan®. Gambier is a traditional medicinal plant widely known for its antioxidant effects. Catechin, a compound contained in Gambier Extract (GE), has been used to reduce microalbuminuria in diabetics. However, its application in NS has not been widely studied. Objective: This study compared the effects of GE and ARB in reducing proteinuria and increasing antioxidant activity levels, as well as reported histopathological findings in the nephrotic Wistar rat model. Methods: An experimental design study with a control group and a posttest was conducted. The experimental animals were divided into four groups: the control group (K1), the group with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) injection (K2), the group with PAN injection + GE (K3), and the group with PAN injection + Losartan® (K4). The standard GE used was Sarie Uncariae® by Toyo Brothers, PT while the ARB (Losartan®) was obtained from Novell, PT. Protein urine, the activity level of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed using the colorimetric method. Renal histopathology was assessed based on Rollerman’s criteria. Results: Gambier extract significantly reduced proteinuria, as depicted by a decrease in protein/volume urine (p = 0.009), increased antioxidant activity, as illustrated by an elevation in T-SOD activity levels (p = 0.007), and tended to decrease MDA levels compared to Losartan®. Based on histopathological findings, GE tended to reduce the percentage of kidney damage in rats induced by puromycin. Conclusion: Gambier extract has been shown a higher antioxidant effect by increasing T-SOD activity levels, reducing proteinuria and also exhibiting a tendency to diminish kidney damage.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of a dominat marker in oxidative stress condition, and when inflammation occurred tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) played a significant influence in the propagation this process. Purified gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) contained 90% catechin which is proven to have antioxidant activity and may prevent unwanted inflammatory responses during diabetic state. Objective: The objective of this research was to assess how purified gambier affected plasma MDA and TNF- α levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Material and methods: In this study, 35 rats were used. Alloxan 120 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal injection was administered to induce diabetes conditions in rats. All animals were divided into 5 groups, diabetic control group treated with vehicle, positive control group treated with glibenclamide dose 0.45 mg/kg BW), and treatment groups treated with purified gambier dose of 2.5; 5 and 10 mg/kg BW. All animals were treated respectively for 14 days. Plasma MDA and TNF- α levels were measured on day 3, and 14. Results: Two-way ANOVA was applied to analyze all of the data, these findings suggested that purified gambier has antioxidant-related anti-inflammation actions. possesses blood sugar-lowering activity (p<0.05). The plasma MDA and TNF- α level of treatment group were significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared to diabetes control group. Conclusion: These results depicted that at doses of 2.5–10 mg/kg BW, purified gambier has antioxidant-associated anti-inflammation effects when given for 14 days on diabetic rat model by reducing plasma levels MDA and TNF-α.

Bionanocomposite films are biodegradable and based on natural materials, offering a solution to environmental concerns. Rice starch/NCC (nanocrystalline cellulose)-based bionanocomposite films suffer from weaknesses and limited shelf life, requiring the incorporation of gambier extract as a filler to impart antimicrobial activity and improve their physical and mechanical properties. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of gambier extract to enhance the properties of rice starch/NCC bionanocomposite films. The study showed that adding 2.5% (w/v) gambier extracts in rice starch-based bionanocomposite films led to the best film properties with a thickness value of 0.23 mm, water solubility 40.17%, WVTR (water vapor transmission rate) 2.54 g.h −2 .h −1 , L* and b* values 89.76 and 37.96, tensile strength 2.62 MPa, elongation 124.67%, modulus of elasticity 35.58 MPa, biodegradability value 100%, and inhibition diameter against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus 4.96 mm and 3.12 mm. The gambier extract was also bonded to the starch granules in the bionanocomposite film. Hence, the surface appeared tighter, and needle-shaped catechin crystals were observed. The gambier extract also affected the FTIR spectrum, specifically shifting and increasing the sharpness of the waves and the appearance of new peaks. This has enormous promise for the production of future bionanocomposite films for active food packaging.