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This article focuses on sexual violence and the learned fear of rape experienced by women in their use of public space, understood as social constructions of a system of domination. We analyze a series of data, drawn from secondary sources, on the prevalence and perception of sexual assault in public space. This data confirms that sexual assault in public spaces is a real risk and that, as such, it is perceived and experienced by the majority of women. We have also selected and presented a series of institutional initiatives aimed at preventing sexual assaults on women in public spaces at night-time. Finally, we have constructed an index to study whether the selected institutional responses respond to practical gender needs or to strategic gender interests. The article concludes that all of these initiatives have a greater impact in the area of gender needs, but they are not able to reverse the structural causes of sexual assault or to contribute to true social change.

A diverse U.S. sample comprising 1437 men and 1474 women was assessed on sexual orientation, masculinity–femininity of occupational preferences (MF-Occ), self-ascribed masculinity–femininity (Self-MF), Big Five personality traits, sex drive, and sociosexuality (positive attitudes toward uncommitted sex). Discriminant analyses explored which traits best distinguished self-identified heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual individuals within each sex. These analyses correctly classified the sexual orientation of 55% of men and 60% of women, which was substantially better than a chance rate (33%) of assigning participants to one of three groups. For men, MF-Occ and Self-MF distinguished heterosexual, bisexual, and gay men, with heterosexual men most gender typical, gay men most gender atypical, and bisexual men intermediate. Independently, higher sex drive, sociosexuality, and neuroticism and lower conscientiousness distinguished bisexual men from other groups. For women, gender-related interests and Self-MF distinguished lesbians from other groups, with lesbians most gender atypical. Independently, higher sociosexuality, sex drive, and Self-MF distinguished non-heterosexual from heterosexual women. These findings suggest that variations in self-reported sexual orientation may be conceptualized in terms of two broad underlying individual difference dimensions, which differ somewhat for men and women: one linked to gender typicality versus gender atypicality and the other linked to sex drive, sociosexuality, and various personality traits.

Using data from over 200,000 participants from 53 nations, I examined the cross-cultural consistency of sex differences for four traits: extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and male-versus-female-typical occupational preferences. Across nations, men and women differed significantly on all four traits (mean d s = −.15, −.56, −.41, and 1.40, respectively, with negative values indicating women scoring higher). The strongest evidence for sex differences in SDs was for extraversion (women more variable) and for agreeableness (men more variable). United Nations indices of gender equality and economic development were associated with larger sex differences in agreeableness, but not with sex differences in other traits. Gender equality and economic development were negatively associated with mean national levels of neuroticism, suggesting that economic stress was associated with higher neuroticism. Regression analyses explored the power of sex, gender equality, and their interaction to predict men’s and women’s 106 national trait means for each of the four traits. Only sex predicted means for all four traits, and sex predicted trait means much more strongly than did gender equality or the interaction between sex and gender equality. These results suggest that biological factors may contribute to sex differences in personality and that culture plays a negligible to small role in moderating sex differences in personality.

We explore whether and how the economic participation of rural women in female entrepreneurship allows them to visualize and develop strategic gender interests (SGIs) and, consequently, seek to get involved in more equitable familial and community relationships. We focused our study in the Program for the Formation and Training for Rural Women implemented in the Araucanía region of southern of Chile, the poorest region in the country. The research was designed using grounded theory methodology to understand the process of economic participation of women in the program of study, as well as the relation that this process has with the development of the participants’ SGIs. This study follows sixty-four female program participants and five productive organizations, along with the program coordinators and other collaborating technicians of the program studied, through semi-structured interviews and participant observations. We found that although women participants learned to manage their entrepreneurship, they continued to be restricted by gender-based division of labor. However, as a result of their economic participation, women developed an overall enjoyment and a sense of personal independence. The findings showed that the use of the concept of SGIs could be useful to account for rural women struggles to become empowered in terms of gender.

The research objective was to compare the relationships between the political culture of the Chilean, Mexican, and Uruguayan states and the cultural politics of women’s organizations oriented toward strategic gender interests within each country. It was a qualitative study with an interpretive focus. The methodological strategy was based on the comparative method for qualitative studies, which included the study of women’s organizations from each country. The techniques used for data collection were interview and documental analysis. The processing of the information was carried out in accordance with the procedure of Grounded Theory. The results show that in the three case studies, the state’s stability and the dominant political practices that reproduce gender-based inequalities in the political arena are crucial to explain how the meanings and practices of democracy carry over from the point of view of the organizations. The conclusions enhance understanding of how political practices are affected by the cultural logic of gender, and how women’s cultural struggles pursue political and citizenship transformations.

In this article I address women’s political representation, predominantly as reflected in feminist political theories. I introduce several conceptual clarifications, between „gender interests” and „women’s political interests” and further explain their complex and complicated intersection with descriptive and substantive representation, especially in a country that lacked women’s/ feminist mobilization from the 60s and 70s. I argue for both a better understanding and research of political factors supporting or impending women’s political representation and give examples from national and European elections to clarify the explanatory power that political factors have. The article represents also an argument for more reflexivity in regards to political representation and for a better correlation between logos and episteme.

The benefits versus costs of gender typing are not clear: Is adjustment optimal when people identify and act in strongly gendered ways or when they embrace characteristics of both sexes? Previous findings are inconsistent, in part because they are derived from different conceptualizations of gender typing. A comprehensive understanding of the mental health consequences of gender typing requires recognition of the multidimensionality of gender typing and simultaneous consideration of these dimensions. On the basis of previous work on individual measures, we hypothesized that adjustment would be differentially associated with different aspects of gender typing: positively with sex-congruent gender identity and male-typed personality traits, negatively with rigid gender attitudes, and minimally with female-typed personality traits and gender-typed activity interests. Structural equation models were used to enable testing of all associations simultaneously. Results from a sample of 401 undergraduate students supported our hypotheses. For both women and men, adjustment was positively associated with gender-congruent identity, instrumentality, and flexible gender attitudes, and minimally related to activity interests and expressivity. These findings clarify the mental health benefits and costs of gender typing and highlight the multidimensionality of gender typing.

In the 1990s, American civil society got upended and reordered as many social, cultural, political, and economic institutions were changed forever.Pretty Peopleexamines a wide range of Hollywood icons who reflect how stardom in that decade was transformed as the nation itself was signaling significant changes to familiar ideas about gender, race, ethnicity, age, class, sexuality, and nationality. Such actors as Denzel Washington, Andy Garcia, Halle Berry, Angela Bassett, Will Smith, Jennifer Lopez, and Antonio Banderas became bona fide movie stars who carried major films to amazing box-office success. Five of the decade's top ten films were opened by three women-Julia Roberts, Jodie Foster, and Whoopi Goldberg. \"Chick flick\" entered the lexicon as Leonardo DiCaprio became the \"King of the World,\" ushering in the cult of the mega celebrity. Tom Hanks and Tom Cruise defined screen masculinity as stark contrasts between \"the regular guy\" and \"the intense guy\" while the roles of Michael Douglas exemplified the endangered \"Average White Male.\" A fascinating composite portrait of 1990s Hollywood and its stars, this collection marks the changes to stardom and society at century's end.

The current state of research in computer science education outlines gender differences in motivation, interest, and elective subject decisions in favor of male students. This study takes an exploratory approach to examine the gender differences in the interdisciplinary STEM profile subject Informatik, Mathematik, Physik (in short: subject IMP), which combines the three subjects of computer science, mathematics, and physics. A survey was conducted involving n = 336 (m = 236, f = 88, o = 12) subject IMP students in the 10th grade attending a Gymnasium in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The deciding factors for choosing the subject, subject interest, motivation, and more were measured using a questionnaire. Overall, the subject IMP is most chosen by male students. For those students choosing the subject IMP, no statistically significant gender differences in subject interest in IMP, mathematics, and the STEM area or in motivation and vocational orientation in natural science and engineering were found in contrast to the state of research. The interdisciplinary character of the subject IMP could be more appealing to girls than computer science by itself. We conclude that, with a higher participation rate of female students, the subject IMP could be a first step in getting more women into STEM fields.