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The concept of k-FWER has received much attention lately as an appropriate error rate for multiple testing when one seeks to control at least k false rejections, for some fixed k ≥ 1. A less conservative notion, the k-FDR, has been introduced very recently by Sarkar [Ann. Statist. 34 (2006) 394-415], generalizing the false discovery rate of Benjamini and Hochberg [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 57 (1995) 289-300]. In this article, we bring newer insight to the k-FDR considering a mixture model involving independent p-values before motivating the developments of some new procedures that control it. We prove the k-FDR control of the proposed methods under a slightly weaker condition than in the mixture model. We provide numerical evidence of the proposed methods' superior power performance over some k-FWER and k-FDR methods. Finally, we apply our methods to a real data set.

The Bonferroni procedure has been one of the foremost frequentist approaches for controlling the family-wise error rate (FWER) in simultaneous inference. However, many scientific disciplines often require less stringent error rates. One such measure is the generalized family-wise error rate (gFWER) proposed (Lehmann and Romano in Ann Stat 33(3):1138–1154, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1214/009053605000000084). FWER or gFWER controlling methods are considered highly conservative in problems with a moderately large number of hypotheses. Although, the existing literature lacks a theory on the extent of the conservativeness of gFWER controlling procedures under dependent frameworks. In this note, we address this gap in a unified manner by establishing upper bounds for the gFWER under arbitrarily correlated multivariate normal setups with moderate dimensions. Towards this, we derive a new probability inequality which, in turn, extends and sharpens a classical inequality. Our results also generalize a recent related work by the first author.

Improved procedures, in terms of smaller missed discovery rates (MDR), for performing multiple hypotheses testing with weak and strong control of the family-wise error rate (FWER) or the false discovery rate (FDR) are developed and studied. The improvement over existing procedures such as the Šidák procedure for FWER control and the Benjamini—Hochberg (BH) procedure for FDR control is achieved by exploiting possible differences in the powers of the individual tests. Results signal the need to take into account the powers of the individual tests and to have multiple hypotheses decision functions which are not limited to simply using the individual p-values, as is the case, for example, with the Šidák, Bonferroni, or BH procedures. They also enhance understanding of the role of the powers of individual tests, or more precisely the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) functions of decision processes, in the search for better multiple hypotheses testing procedures. A decision-theoretic framework is utilized, and through auxiliary randomizers the procedures could be used with discrete or mixed-type data or with rank-based nonparametric tests. This is in contrast to existing p-value based procedures whose theoretical validity is contingent on each of these p-value statistics being stochastically equal to or greater than a standard uniform variable under the null hypothesis. Proposed procedures are relevant in the analysis of high-dimensional \"large M, small n\" data sets arising in the natural, physical, medical, economic and social sciences, whose generation and creation is accelerated by advances in high-throughput technology, notably, but not limited to, microarray technology.