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Questioning whether the Germans were actually as influential or dominant in the Ottoman empire as most standard works suggest, the author attacks the myths surrounding Turkey's role in the war. Originally published in 1968. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The paper deals with the history of virological influenza vaccination before, during, and after the Third Reich. German microbiology got left behind in the 1930s because of its adherence to a bacteriological concept of influenza. It was not the London discovery of the influenza virus in 1933 that fundamentally changed this, but the fear of a new disastrous influenza pandemic that might develop in the context of World War II. Large-scale field trials beginning in 1942 in the United States prompted those in power in Germany to seek their own virological influenza vaccine. The plan was to vaccinate only groups of people important to the war effort. However, no influenza vaccination campaign took place during the Nazi era. This was not implemented until 1946/47 by the Allies, in Berlin. The West German public remained skeptical about influenza vaccination until the late 1950s. In East Germany, vaccination was seen as part of a socially hygienic health policy. The processes, theoretical backgrounds and personnel as well as institutional continuities are shown in the paper.

Krieg und Karten gehoren untrennbar zusammen. Sie sind dabei nicht blo militarische Instrumente, sondern transportieren stets auch politische Raumbilder. Diesen bislang wenig beachteten Aspekten des Ersten Weltkriegs geht die Untersuchung nach. Der Erste Weltkrieg wurde wie kein anderer Konflikt zuvor in allen raumlichen Dimensionen gefuhrt. Karten trugen ihren entscheidenden Anteil dazu bei. Die deutschen Operationsplanungen futen auf den strategischen Generalstabskarten, wahrend insbesondere die Kriegfuhrung im Westen neue Raummedien erforderte. Im gleichen Mae stiegen die Anforderungen an die Soldaten, sich mit den neuen Kartentypen im Stellungskrieg zurechtzufinden. Das fuhrte zu Bildungsanstrengungen in der Heimat , von denen insbesondere die Schulgeographie profitierte. Erdkundelehrer stellten ihre Expertise bereitwillig in den Dienst des Krieges und instrumentalisierten geographisches Wissen zu Propagandazwecken.

Epidemics have always deeply affected societies. They almost inevitably lead to negotiations of questions referring to identity, belonging, and foreignness. Furthermore, epidemics create bogeymen. The biographical study by Prof. Dr. Paul Arthur Förster, founder of the first German association of vaccination opponents and an enthusiastic “völkisch” and anti-Semitic agitator, stands here as a prototype for a multitude of vaccination opponents and should help us to understand what kind of influence epidemics have on the creation of bogeyman. In a second step, the question of bogeyman highlights the underlying aspects of the anti-vaccination movement. It directly leads to relating questions concerning ideological proximity of anti-vaccinism to the milieu critical of scientific medicine, with its numerous organizations of alternative medicine and its associations.

Vaccinations are a dream of planning public health. They promise the eradication of epidemics and pandemics, the decline of infant mortality, and the control of collective health conditions. Vaccination is therefore never just about the health and disease of the individual. Vaccination campaigns always aim to optimize the society as well. The article traces this history of vaccination in the 19th and 20th centuries from the German Empire and the Weimar Republic to the Nazi era to the Federal Republic and the GDR. The history of vaccination is one of fears and hopes. In the fight against smallpox, diphtheria, and polio, against tuberculosis, measles, or influenza, Germans negotiated images of man and models of society, ideas of security and the future. This article therefore focuses on disputes between politicians and entrepreneurs, doctors and scientists, journalists, and parents. From the 19th century to the present day, they argue about the opportunities and risks of the immunized society.

To explain the fatal efficiency and relative stability of the Nazi dictatorship, it is necessary to analyze how governmental institutions and society at various levels of the political system interacted. Contrary to the expectation that polycratic structures hampered administrative efficiency and tended to undermine well-established political structures it turns out that new models of governance evolved from the chaotic competition and short-lived cooperation of traditional administrations, party structures and newly created special institutions. While key players on the national level claimed to control lines of command from top to bottom the adaptability of the whole system to new challenges depended to a large extent on complex and often improvised arrangements of multi-level governance. During the war these arrangements served to integrate and to mobilize all political, administrative, military, economic and social forces whose resources were essential to sustain the war effort of the Nazi leadership.

The paper considers the relevance and use of a specific sort of visual source in sport history referred to as sporting art. After some theoretical reflections on sport, sporting actions, and their perception and conversion by the media, the term sporting art is explained and discussed. Following, selected examples are described, analyzed historically, interpreted and contextualized in detail. The focus is on examples of sporting art in Germany and the former German Democratic Republic.

This study analyzes the Lynchjustiz committed against American airmen in Germany during World War II. Largely overlooked by historians, the extent of violence against flyers is drastically underestimated, hindered by the complex historical memory of the Allied air war, the arduous denazification process, and the looming Cold War of the postwar era. While the precise number of Allied flyers that experienced Lynchjustiz is impossible to determine, due to a lack of remaining records, this study provides a more accurate estimate and an improved historical analysis of the broader impact of these events on history. Lynchjustiz initially occurred as a spontaneous response to the devastating experiences of the Allied air war in 1943. The Nazi regime took advantage of German citizens’ plight to endure the overwhelming and inexorable air war that erased all physically and psychologically boundaries and attempted to harness the outrage of the German population, redirecting the anger explicitly against the new enemy in their midst. Individuals and groups of civilians, Party officials, security forces, government officials, as well as military members carried out this state-sponsored vigilantism, which was a byproduct of the political and societal instability produced by the Nazi regime.

»Wer ist im Winter verantwortlich? Verkehrsunfälle, der Kampf gegen gefährliches Wetter und die Rolle des Rechts in der Risikogesehichte«. This paper analyses the role of law in modern risk debates. Inspired by concepts of historical anthropology, it proposes to put more effort into the historical analysis of law and legal debates in order to understand long-term change in the history of everyday life. The paper takes the discussions on the establishment of a winter service in Germany in the first decades of the twentieth century as an example for this, and demonstrates how legal experts reflected changed perceptions of both nature and related everyday risks and gave them a practical legal meaning by integrating them into existing and widely accepted legal concepts. By doing so, the legal discourse on hazardous weather conditions added significantly to the paradigm shift towards a greater role of the state in the mitigation of everyday risks. As in other debates on everyday risks, law functioned as a hinge between risk perception and risk management.