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Wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a widely applied heat stress index. However, most applications of WBGT within the heat stress impact literature that do not use WBGT at all, but use one of the ad hoc approximations, typically the simplified WBGT (sWBGT) or the environmental stress index (ESI). Surprisingly, little is known about how well these approximations work for the global climate and climate change settings that they are being applied to. Here, we assess the bias distribution as a function of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiative conditions of both sWBGT and ESI relative to a well‐validated, explicit physical model for WBGT developed by Liljegren, within an idealized context and the more realistic setting of ERA5 reanalysis data. sWBGT greatly overestimates heat stress in hot‐humid areas. ESI has much smaller biases in the range of standard climatological conditions. Over subtropical dry regions, both metrics can substantially underestimate extreme heat. We show systematic overestimation of labor loss by sWBGT over much of the world today. We recommend discontinuing the use of sWBGT. ESI may be acceptable for assessing average heat stress or integrated impact over a long period like a year, but less suitable for health applications, extreme heat stress analysis, or as an operational index for heat warning, heatwave forecasting, or guiding activity modification at the workplace. Nevertheless, Liljegren's approach should be preferred over these ad hoc approximations and we provide a fast Python implementation to encourage its widespread use. Plain Language Summary Wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a widely applied heat stress index. However, most applications of WBGT within the climate change heat stress impact literature that do not use WBGT at all but use one of the ad hoc approximations, typically the simplified WBGT (sWBGT) or sometimes the environmental stress index (ESI). But we know little about how well these approximations work for measuring heat stress. Here, we evaluate the performance of sWBGT and ESI against a well‐validated, explicit physical model of WBGT. sWBGT greatly overestimates heat stress under a hot, humid climate. ESI performs much better in measuring average heat stress. But they both may seriously underestimate severe heat stress, especially in hot, dry regions. Our results suggest that previous studies using sWBGT tend to dramatically overestimate heat stress and its economic and health implications, which may further misinform policymaking. We recommend discontinuing the use of sWBGT. ESI may be acceptable for assessing average heat stress, but less suitable for the warning or forecasting of extreme heat, or providing guidance for dealing with workplace heat stress. Nevertheless, the well‐validated physical model of WBGT should be preferred over these approximations and we provide a Python implementation to encourage its widespread use. Key Points We evaluate biases of two common approximations to Wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) in comparison with explicitly calculated WBGT and consider labor implications Simplified WBGT generally overestimates heat stress and resulting labor loss, whereas environmental stress index is less biased. Both methods underestimate peak heat stress Both methods are systematically biased. We offer a computationally efficient Python implementation to encourage accurate WBGT calculations

Peter Bellerby is the founder of Bellerby & Co. Globemakers, the world's only truly bespoke makers of globes. His team of skilled craftspeople make exquisite terrestrial, celestial and planetary globes for customers around the world. The story began after his attempt to find a special globe for his father's 80th birthday. Failing to find anything suitable, he decided to make one himself which took him on an extraordinary journey of rediscovering this forgotten craft. The chapters of The Globemakers take us through the journey of how to build a globe, or 'earth apples' as they were first known, and includes fascinating vignettes on history, art history, astronomy and physics, as well as the day-to-day craftsmanship at the workshop itself. This book uses illustration, photography and narrative to tell the story of our globe and many different globes it has inspired.

Ocular trauma may either be closed globe or open globe. Open globe injuries are full-thickness defects of the eyewall and are often differentiated by the mechanisms of injury from which they are caused: sharp or blunt trauma. They are ocular emergencies and can lead to substantial visual morbidity. Without timely intervention, damage is irreversible and leads to permanent vision loss. The goals of evaluation are to identify the mechanism of injury, characterize the extent of injury, and gather relevant history. If an open globe is suspected, ophthalmologic consultation should be requested. Once an open globe is diagnosed, preparations for surgery should be made immediately and steps should be taken to avoid further injury. Intraocular infection risk is relatively high, requiring immediate empiric systemic antibiotics. Emergent surgical exploration and primary closure is indicated whenever possible. After initial closure, secondary surgery and revision may be needed to improve vision outcomes, followed by extensive follow-up. In this review, best practices for evaluation and management are reviewed, with particular focus on the surgical approach and techniques. Keywords: ocular trauma, repair of open globe, open globe surgery, open globe surgical pearls, ophthalmic surgery

Open globe injury (OGI) is a rare but serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity. This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of OGI, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. OGI refers to full-thickness injury to the layers of the eye. OGI can be caused by blunt or sharp trauma, and subtypes include penetration, perforation, intraocular foreign body (IOFB), globe rupture, or mixed types. OGI is more common in males and usually secondary to work-related injury, but in women it is most commonly associated with falls. Emergency clinicians should first assess for and manage other critical, life-threatening injuries. Following this assessment, a thorough eye examination is necessary. Computed tomography (CT) may suggest the disease, but it cannot definitively exclude the diagnosis. While point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is highly sensitive and specific for some findings in OGI, its use is controversial due to potential globe content extrusion. Management includes protecting the affected eye from further injury, preventing Valsalva maneuvers that could extrude ocular contents, updating tetanus vaccination status, administering broad-spectrum antibiotics, and ophthalmology consultation for surgical intervention to prevent the sequelae of blindness and endophthalmitis. An understanding of OGI can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this sight-threatening traumatic process.

\"Since its opening in the late 1990s, the reconstructed Shakespeare's Globe Theatre has made an indelible impression on the contemporary British theatre scene. This book explores the theatre's first decade of productions under the pioneering leadership of Mark Rylance. Drawing upon interviews with key practitioners from the Globe and detailed case studies of notable productions, this book argues that the Rylance era was a ground-breaking and important period of recent theatre history. The book gives a unique insight into Rylance's practice and impact, and will be of interest to anyone studying Shakespeare in performance. \"-- Provided by publisher.

BackgroundTrauma is the leading cause of enucleations in the USA. Current information regarding open globe injuries (OGI) is based mainly on data from individual tertiary care centers across the country which might skew the findings towards the population served by these level-one trauma centers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the demographics, characteristics, and risk factors of traumatic enucleations in a large data sample.MethodsDescriptive cross-sectional observational study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database from 2002 to 2013. Inpatients with traumatic enucleations were identified using ICD-9 codes. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to identify differences between the enucleated and non-enucleated cohorts and to evaluate the predictive factors of enucleation in OGIs.ResultsEnucleations were performed in 3020 (6.2%) of 48,563 OGIs identified. The average age in the enucleated cohort for males vs. females was 44.7 vs. 62.2 years. In the USA, the highest number of traumatic enucleations occurred in the 21–40 group (41.8%) and the fewest in the 80+ age group (11.8%). The risk of enucleation decreased across the age groups significantly. Compared with the 21–40 age group, the risk of undergoing enucleation was 15% lower in patients 41 to 60 years of age, 35% in patients 61 to 80, and 40% lower in patients over 80. In total, 5.1% OGIs in women and 6.7% of OGIs in men were enucleated. The risk of enucleation was 29% higher in men than in women. The highest absolute number of enucleations was seen in Whites. Compared with Whites, Blacks had a 63% higher risk of enucleation following an OGI. OGIs with rupture-type injury, endophthalmitis, or phthisis were significantly higher odds to be enucleated.ConclusionsThe risk of enucleation following traumatic OGI significantly increased for patients who were in the 21–40 age group, of Black race, or of male gender; the risk also increased if the injury was a rupture-type or associated with endophthalmitis or phthisis. The risk of depression was 75% higher in enucleated patients versus non-enucleated patients.